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Morel, H.; Mangenet, T.; Beauchene, J.; Ruelle, J.; Nicolini, E.; Heuret, P.; Thibaut, B. |
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Seasonal variations in phenological traits: leaf shedding and cambial activity in Parkia nitida Miq. and Parkia velutina Benoist (Fabaceae) in tropical rainforest |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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Trees – Structure and Function |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trees – Structure and Function |
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29 |
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4 |
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973-984 |
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Cambial activity; Climate; French Guiana; Leaf shedding pattern; Tropical rainforest |
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Key message: In French Guiana, the leaf and cambium phenologies should not be considered only as exogenous-driven processes, as the dry season, but also as endogenous-driven, as tree development stage. Abstract: Studies of the periodicity of wood formation provide essential data on tree age and on factors that control tree growth. The aim of this work was to investigate cambial phenology and its relation with leaf phenology and climatic seasonality in two briefly deciduous tropical rainforest species belonging to the genus Parkia. Wood microcores were collected every 15 days from April 2009 to February 2012 from five trees of each species. The microcores were stained with cresyl violet acetate to facilitate counting the number of cells in the cambial zone, in the radial enlargement zone and wall-thickening zone. At the same time, we observed leaf shedding pattern in the crown of the same trees. In both species, cambial activity was significantly reduced during the leafless period. In P. nitida, these two concomitant events were observed during the dry season whereas in P. velutina they can occur anytime in the year with no apparent link with seasonality. In conclusion, the period of reduced cambial activity in some tropical rainforest trees may be independent of rainfall seasonality and not necessarily follow an annual cycle. It appears that leaf phenology is a good proxy to estimate cambial activity. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. |
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CNRS, UMR Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil de Montpellier, Montpellier, France |
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Export Date: 16 July 2015 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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610 |
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Leclerc, T.; Vimal, R.; Troispoux, V.; Périgon, S.; Scotti, I. |
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Life after disturbance (I): changes in the spatial genetic structure of Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don (Bignonianceae) after logging in an intensively studied plot in French Guiana |
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2015 |
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Annals of Forest Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Annals of Forest Science |
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72 |
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5 |
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509-516 |
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Amazon; Bayesian clustering; Demogenetics; Guiana shield; Parentage analysis; Regeneration; Spatial genetic structure; Tropical rainforest |
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Key message: Forest disturbance affects the within-population distribution of genetic diversity, but not its overall levels, in a tropical pioneer tree species. In particular, clumps of related saplings with impoverished diversity are found in canopy gaps but not under forest cover. Context: Forest disturbances can have long-term consequences on the genetic structure of tree populations, because they can alter the demographic properties of the regeneration process and favour some subpopulations/genotypes, both by stochastic processes and by selection. Intermediate disturbances tend to favour species diversity, at least in highly diverse communities, but their effect on intra-specific diversity is unknown. Aims: In this study, we have looked at the genetic consequences of forest disturbance in a stand of the long-lived Neotropical pioneer species, Jacaranda copaia. Methods: The study site was experimentally logged in 1984, and the canopy gaps generated by the logging were mapped. Seedlings of J. copaia colonised the gaps, as expected, at a higher density than in the surrounding forest. In 2006, we exhaustively sampled all saplings and adult trees available in a 25-ha area. The samples were genotyped at nine microsatellite loci, and the distribution of genetic diversity was inspected by analyses of spatial autocorrelation, automated Bayesian assignment and comparisons of diversity between cohorts by bootstrap (RaBoT). Results: Spatial autocorrelation was found to extend farther in post-disturbance saplings than in the undisturbed population (100 m and beyond versus less than 50 m), and divergent clumps (F<inf>ST</inf> = 0.05) of related genotypes were found; genetic diversity was found to be impoverished in each clump relative to the global population at about half of the loci. Conclusion: Overall, our results suggest that forest disturbance has changed the patterns of distribution of genetic diversity, with potential consequences on long-term population viability. © 2015, INRA and Springer-Verlag France. |
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INRA, URFM « Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes », Domaine de Saint-Paul, Avignon, France |
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Export Date: 16 July 2015 |
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611 |
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Leba, L.-J.; Musset, L.; Pelleau, S.; Estevez, Y.; Birer, C.; Briolant, S.; Witkowski, B.; Ménard, D.; Delves, M.J.; Legrand, E.; Duplais, C.; Popovici, J. |
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Use of Plasmodium falciparum culture-adapted field isolates for in vitro exflagellation-blocking assay |
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2015 |
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Malaria Journal |
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Malaria Journal |
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14 |
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234 |
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Background: A major requirement for malaria elimination is the development of transmission-blocking interventions. In vitro transmission-blocking bioassays currently mostly rely on the use of very few Plasmodium falciparum reference laboratory strains isolated decades ago. To fill a piece of the gap between laboratory experimental models and natural systems, the purpose of this work was to determine if culture-adapted field isolates of P. falciparum are suitable for in vitro transmission-blocking bioassays targeting functional maturity of male gametocytes: exflagellation. Methods: Plasmodium falciparum isolates were adapted to in vitro culture before being used for in vitro gametocyte production. Maturation was assessed by microscopic observation of gametocyte morphology over time of culture and the functional viability of male gametocytes was assessed by microscopic counting of exflagellating gametocytes. Suitability for in vitro exflagellation-blocking bioassays was determined using dihydroartemisinin and methylene blue. Results: In vitro gametocyte production was achieved using two isolates from French Guiana and two isolates from Cambodia. Functional maturity of male gametocytes was assessed by exflagellation observations and all four isolates could be used in exflagellation-blocking bioassays with adequate response to methylene blue and dihydroartemisinin. Conclusion: This work shows that in vitro culture-adapted P. falciparum field isolates of different genetic background, from South America and Southeast Asia, can successfully be used for bioassays targeting the male gametocyte to gamete transition, exflagellation. © 2015 Leba et al. |
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Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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612 |
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Barantal, S.; Schimann, H.; Fromin, N.; Hättenschwiler, S. |
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C, N and P fertilization in an Amazonian rainforest supports stoichiometric dissimilarity as a driver of litter diversity effects on decomposition |
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2014 |
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Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society |
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Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society |
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281 |
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1796 |
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20141682 |
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litter diversity; neotropical forest; nutrient addition; soil fauna; stoichiometry; trait dissimilarity |
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Plant leaf litter generally decomposes faster as a group of different species than when individual species decompose alone, but underlying mechanisms of these diversity effects remain poorly understood. Because resource C : N : P stoichiometry (i.e. the ratios of these key elements) exhibits strong control on consumers, we supposed that stoichiometric dissimilarity of litter mixtures (i.e. the divergence in C : N : P ratios among species) improves resource complementarity to decomposers leading to faster mixture decomposition. We tested this hypothesis with: (i) a wide range of leaf litter mixtures of neotropical tree species varying in C : N : P dissimilarity, and (ii) a nutrient addition experiment (C, N and P) to create stoichiometric similarity. Litter mixtures decomposed in the field using two different types of litterbags allowing or preventing access to soil fauna. Litter mixture mass loss was higher than expected from species decomposing singly, especially in presence of soil fauna. With fauna, synergistic litter mixture effects increased with increasing stoichiometric dissimilarity of litter mixtures and this positive relationship disappeared with fertilizer addition. Our results indicate that litter stoichiometric dissimilarity drives mixture effects via the nutritional requirements of soil fauna. Incorporating ecological stoichiometry in biodiversity research allows refinement of the underlying mechanisms of how changing biodiversity affects ecosystem functioning. © 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved. |
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Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier-EPHE), 1919 Route de MENDE, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France |
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Export Date: 24 July 2015 |
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613 |
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Dezerald, O.; Céréghino, R.; Corbara, B.; Dejean, A.; Leroy, C. |
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Temperature: Diet Interactions Affect Survival through Foraging Behavior in a Bromeliad-Dwelling Predator |
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2015 |
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Biotropica |
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Biotropica |
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47 |
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5 |
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569-578 |
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Toxorhynchites haemorrhoidalis; Biocontrol agent; Development; French Guiana; Selective feeding behavior; Tank bromeliad |
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Temperature, food quantity and quality play important roles in insect growth and survival, influencing population dynamics as well as interactions with other community members. However, the interaction between temperature and diet and its ecological consequences have been poorly documented. Toxorhynchites are well-known biocontrol agents for container-inhabiting mosquito larvae. We found that Toxorhynchites haemorrhoidalis larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) inhabiting water-filled rosettes of tank bromeliads catch and eat prey of both aquatic (mosquito larvae) and terrestrial origin (ants), using distinct predatory methods. They carried out frontal attacks on ants, but ambushed mosquito larvae. In choice tests, T. haemorrhoidalis favored terrestrial prey. Temperature had a significant effect on predator development and survival through its interaction with diet, but did not alter the preference for ants. T. haemorrhoidalis larvae emerged quickly when fed only mosquito larvae, whereas all individuals died before pupation when fed only ants. We conclude that behavioral factors (i.e., attraction to ants that disturb the surface of the water) overtake physiological factors (i.e., the adverse outcome of elevated temperature and an ant-based diet) in determining a predator's response to temperature:diet interactions. Finally, because T. haemorrhoidalis larvae preferentially feed on terrestrial insects in tank bromeliads, mosquito larvae may indirectly benefit from predation release. © 2015 Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation Inc. |
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UMR AMAP (botAnique et Modelisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des vegetations), IRD, Boulevard de la Lironde, TA A-51/PS2, Montpellier Cedex 5, France |
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Export Date: 17 September 2015 |
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624 |
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Molina, L.; Broquet, G.; Imbach, P.; Chevallier, F.; Poulter, B.; Bonal, D.; Burban, B.; Ramonet, M.; Gatti, L.V.; Wofsy, S.C.; Munger, J.W.; Dlugokencky, E.; Ciais, P. |
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On the ability of a global atmospheric inversion to constrain variations of CO2 fluxes over Amazonia |
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2015 |
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Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
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Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
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15 |
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14 |
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8423-8438 |
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The exchanges of carbon, water and energy between the atmosphere and the Amazon basin have global implications for the current and future climate. Here, the global atmospheric inversion system of the Monitoring of Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) service is used to study the seasonal and interannual variations of biogenic CO<inf>2</inf> fluxes in Amazonia during the period 2002-2010. The system assimilated surface measurements of atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf> mole fractions made at more than 100 sites over the globe into an atmospheric transport model. The present study adds measurements from four surface stations located in tropical South America, a region poorly covered by CO<inf>2</inf> observations. The estimates of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) optimized by the inversion are compared to an independent estimate of NEE upscaled from eddy-covariance flux measurements in Amazonia. They are also qualitatively evaluated against reports on the seasonal and interannual variations of the land sink in South America from the scientific literature. We attempt at assessing the impact on NEE of the strong droughts in 2005 and 2010 (due to severe and longer-than-usual dry seasons) and the extreme rainfall conditions registered in 2009. The spatial variations of the seasonal and interannual variability of optimized NEE are also investigated. While the inversion supports the assumption of strong spatial heterogeneity of these variations, the results reveal critical limitations of the coarse-resolution transport model, the surface observation network in South America during the recent years and the present knowledge of modelling uncertainties in South America that prevent our inversion from capturing the seasonal patterns of fluxes across Amazonia. However, some patterns from the inversion seem consistent with the anomaly of moisture conditions in 2009. © Author(s) 2015. |
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NOAA, Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, CO, United States |
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Export Date: 27 August 2015 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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615 |
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Dezerald, O.; Céréghino, R.; Corbara, B.; Dejean, A.; Leroy, C. |
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Functional trait responses of aquatic macroinvertebrates to simulated drought in a Neotropical bromeliad ecosystem |
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2015 |
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Freshwater Biology |
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Freshwater Biology |
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60 |
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9 |
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1917-1929 |
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Food webs; Precipitations; Rainforests; Resistance/resilience; Tipping point |
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The duration of the dry seasons in south-eastern Amazonia is expected to increase. Little is known of how freshwater assemblages respond to drought in the humid rainforests and of the extent to which they resist the absence of rainfall before the collapse of the system. We manipulated rainshelters over tank-forming bromeliads (i.e. the interlocking leaf axils of these plants form wells that collect rainwater) to simulate an exceptionally long dry period (49 days, compared with a 10-year mean ± SD annual maximum number of 17 ± 5.3 days without rainfall at the study site) and then a rewetting period. By sampling weekly over 3 months, we followed the dynamics of the representation of abundance-weighted traits in invertebrate assemblages in these treatment plants and in a control group. The functional structure of assemblages was drought resistant until the water volume in the bromeliad pools dropped by 90%, when there was a sudden shift in the functional trait structure due to the loss of most populations except the drought-resistant culicids. Traits related to life history, body size and preferred food showed significant responses to drought. There was a convergence in the functional traits of species surviving in dry plants, strengthening the idea that environmental filtering, rather than stochasticity, determines the functional trajectory of aquatic assemblages during drought. At the end of the dry period, samples of the detritus potentially containing drought-resistant eggs/cysts (and eventually live larvae) were taken from the dry plants and rewetted in the laboratory, allowing us to distinguish resistant species from those requiring recolonisation via subsequent oviposition by adults from elsewhere. Patches of water-filled bromeliads persisting in the area provided the most important pool of colonists, and communities returned to the pre-disturbance state within 1-2 weeks of rewetting. Our results suggest that the functional trait structure of invertebrate assemblages in bromeliads could remain stable under scenarios of precipitation change that would triple the duration of current dry periods at a local scale. Future experiments should evaluate how environmental factors might alter the tipping point between resistance to drought and a collapse in ecosystem processes. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. |
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IRD, UMR AMAP (botAnique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des vegetations), Boulevard de la Lironde, TA A-51/PS2, Montpellier Cedex 5, France |
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Export Date: 27 August 2015 |
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616 |
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Aimene, Y.E.; Nairn, J.A. |
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Simulation of transverse wood compression using a large-deformation, hyperelastic–plastic material model |
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2015 |
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Wood Science and Technology |
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Wood Science and Technology |
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49 |
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1 |
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21-39 |
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Transverse compression of wood is a process that induces large deformations. The process is dominated by elastic and plastic cell wall buckling. This work reports a numerical study of the transverse compression and densification of wood using a large-deformation, elastic–plastic constitutive law. The model is isotropic, formulated within the framework of hyperelasticity, and implemented in explicit material point method (MPM) software. The model was first validated for modeling of cellular materials by compression of an isotropic cellular model specimen. Next, it was used to model compression of wood by first validating use of isotropic, transverse plane properties for tangential compression of hardwood, and then by investigating both tangential and radial compression of softwood. Importantly, the discretization of wood specimens used MPM methods to reproduce accurately the complex morphology of wood anatomy for different species. The simulations have reproduced observations of stress–strain response during wood compression including details of inhomogeneous deformation caused by variations in wood anatomy. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. |
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Wood Science and Engineering Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States |
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Moore, A.L.; McCarthy, M.A.; Parris, K.M.; Moore, J.L. |
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The optimal number of surveys when detectability varies |
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2014 |
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PLoS ONE |
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PLoS ONE |
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9 |
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12 |
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e115345 |
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The survey of plant and animal populations is central to undertaking field ecology. However, detection is imperfect, so the absence of a species cannot be determined with certainty. Methods developed to account for imperfect detectability during surveys do not yet account for stochastic variation in detectability over time or space. When each survey entails a fixed cost that is not spent searching (e.g., time required to travel to the site), stochastic detection rates result in a trade-off between the number of surveys and the length of each survey when surveying a single site. We present a model that addresses this trade-off and use it to determine the number of surveys that: 1) maximizes the expected probability of detection over the entire survey period; and 2) is most likely to achieve a minimally-acceptable probability of detection. We illustrate the applicability of our approach using three practical examples (minimum survey effort protocols, number of frog surveys per season, and number of quadrats per site to detect a plant species) and test our model's predictions using data from experimental plant surveys. We find that when maximizing the expected probability of detection, the optimal survey design is most sensitive to the coefficient of variation in the rate of detection and the ratio of the search budget to the travel cost. When maximizing the likelihood of achieving a particular probability of detection, the optimal survey design is most sensitive to the required probability of detection, the expected number of detections if the budget were spent only on searching, and the expected number of detections that are missed due to travel costs. We find that accounting for stochasticity in detection rates is likely to be particularly important for designing surveys when detection rates are low. Our model provides a framework to do this. © 2014 Moore et al. |
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School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia |
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Export Date: 8 September 2015 |
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618 |
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Baraloto, C.; Alverga, P.; Quispe, S.B.; Barnes, G.; Chura, N.B.; da Silva, I.B.; Castro, W.; da Souza, H.; de Souza Moll, I.E.; Del Alcazar Chilo, J.; Linares, H.D.; Quispe, J.G.; Kenji, D.; Marsik, M.; Medeiros, H.; Murphy, S.; Rockwell, C.; Selaya, G.; Shenkin, A.; Silveira, M.; Southworth, J.; Vasquez Colomo, G.H.; Perz, S. |
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Effects of road infrastructure on forest value across a tri-national Amazonian frontier |
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2015 |
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Biological Conservation |
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Biological Conservation |
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191 |
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674-681 |
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Açai; Biodiversity; Brazil nut; Carbon stocks; Connectivity; Infrastructure; Livelihood; Ntfp; Redd; Road impact; Rubber; Timber; Tropical rainforest |
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Abstract |
Road construction demonstrably accelerates deforestation rates in tropical forests, but its consequences for forest degradation remain less clear. We estimated a series of forest value metrics including components of biodiversity, carbon stocks, and timber and non-timber forest product resources, along the recently paved Inter-Oceanic Highway (IOH) integrating Brazil and Peru along the Bolivian border. We installed 69 vegetation plots in intact terra firme forests representative of local community holdings near and far from the IOH, and we characterized 15 components of forest value for each plot.We observed strong geographic gradients in forest value components across the region, with increases from west to east in aboveground biomass and in the abundance of timber and non-timber forest product trees and regeneration. Plots in communities in Pando, Bolivia, where the IOH remains in part unpaved, had the highest aboveground biomass, standing timber volumes and Brazil nut tree density. In contrast, communities in Madre de Dios, Peru, where settlements and unpaved portions of the IOH have existed for decades, and in Acre, Brazil, where paving of the IOH has been underway for more than a decade, were more degraded. Seven of the fifteen forest value components we measured increased with increasing distance from the IOH, although the magnitude of these effects was weak. Landscape scale remote sensing analyses showed much stronger effects of road proximity on deforestation. We suggest that remote sensing techniques including canopy spectral signatures might be calibrated to characterize multiple components of forest value, so that we can estimate landscape scale impacts of infrastructure developments on both deforestation and forest degradation in tropical regions. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. |
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International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States |
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Export Date: 8 September 2015 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
Serial |
619 |
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