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Vleminckx, Jason ; Fortunel, Claire ; Valverde-Barrantes, Oscar ; Paine, C.E. Timothy ; Engel, Julien ; Petronelli, Pascal ; Dourdain, Aurélie K. ; Guevara, Juan ; Béroujon, Solène ; Baraloto, Christophier |
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Title |
Resolving whole-plant economics from leaf, stem and root traits of 1467 Amazonian tree species |
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Journal Article |
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2021 |
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Oikos |
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130 |
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7 |
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1193-1208 |
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It remains unclear how evolutionary and ecological processes have shaped the wide variety of plant life strategies, especially in highly diverse ecosystems like tropical forests. Some evidence suggests that species have diversified across a gradient of ecological strategies, with different plant tissues converging to optimize resource use across environmental gradients. Alternative hypotheses propose that species have diversified following independent selection on different tissues, resulting in a decoupling of trait syndromes across organs. To shed light on the subject, we assembled an unprecedented dataset combining 19 leaf, stem and root traits for 1467 tropical tree species inventoried across 71 0.1-ha plots spanning broad environmental gradients in French Guiana. Nearly 50% of the overall functional heterogeneity was expressed along four orthogonal dimensions, after accounting for phylogenetic dependences among species. The first dimension related to fine root functioning, while the second and third dimensions depicted two decoupled leaf economics spectra, and the fourth dimension encompassed a wood economics spectrum. Traits involved in orthogonal functional strategies, five leaf traits in particular but also trunk bark thickness, were consistently associated with a same gradient of soil texture and nutrient availability. Root traits did not show any significant association with edaphic variation, possibly because of the prevailing influence of other factors (mycorrhizal symbiosis, phylogenetic constraints). Our study emphasises the existence of multiple functional dimensions that allow tropical tree species to optimize their performance in a given environment, bringing new insights into the debate around the presence of a whole plant economic spectrum in tropical forest tree communities. It also emphasizes the key role that soil heterogeneity plays in shaping tree species assembly. The extent to which different organs are decoupled and respond to environmental gradients may also help to improve our predictions of species distribution changes in responses to habitat modification and environmental changes. |
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Nordic Society OIKOS |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1030 |
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Nixon, Samantha A. ; Robinson, Samuel D. ; Agwa, Akello, J. ; Walker, Andrew A. ; Choudhay, Shivani ; Touchard, Axel ; Undheim, Eivind A.B. ; Robertson, Alan ; Vetter, Irina ; Schroeder, Christina I. ; Kotze, Andrew C. ; Herzig, Volker ; King, Glenn F. |
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Multipurpose peptides: The venoms of Amazonian stinging ants contain anthelmintic ponericins with diverse predatory and defensive activities |
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Journal Article |
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2021 |
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Biochemical Pharmacology |
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192 |
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114693 |
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In the face of increasing drug resistance, the development of new anthelmintics is critical for controlling nematodes that parasitise livestock. Although hymenopteran venom toxins have attracted attention for applications in agriculture and medicine, few studies have explored their potential as anthelmintics. Here we assessed hymenopteran venoms as a possible source of new anthelmintic compounds by screening a panel of ten hymenopteran venoms against Haemonchus contortus, a major pathogenic nematode of ruminants. Using bioassay-guided fractionation coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we identified four novel anthelmintic peptides (ponericins) from the venom of the neotropical ant Neoponera commutata and the previously described ponericin M−PONTX−Na1b from Neoponera apicalis venom. These peptides inhibit H. contortus development with IC50 values of 2.8–5.6 μM. Circular dichroism spectropolarimetry indicated that the ponericins are unstructured in aqueous solution but adopt α-helical conformations in lipid mimetic environments. We show that the ponericins induce non-specific membrane perturbation, which confers broad-spectrum antimicrobial, insecticidal, cytotoxic, hemolytic, and algogenic activities, with activity across all assays typically correlated. We also show for the first time that ponericins induce spontaneous pain behaviour when injected in mice. We propose that the broad-spectrum activity of the ponericins enables them to play both a predatory and defensive role in neoponeran ants, consistent with their high abundance in venom. This study reveals a broader functionality for ponericins than previously assumed, and highlights both the opportunities and challenges in pursuing ant venom peptides as potential therapeutics. |
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Elsevier |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1031 |
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Li, Lingjuan ; Preece, Catherine ; Lin, Qiang ; Bréchet, Laëtitia M. ; Stahl, Clément ; Courtois, Elodie A. ; Verbruggen, Erik |
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Resistance and resilience of soil prokaryotic communities in response to prolonged drought in a tropical forest |
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2021 |
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FEMS Microbiology Ecology |
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97 |
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9 |
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drought, microbial communities, microbial network, tropical forest, resistance, resilience |
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Global climate changes such as prolonged duration and intensity of drought can lead to adverse ecological consequences in forests. Currently little is known about soil microbial community responses to such drought regimes in tropical forests. In this study, we examined the resistance and resilience of topsoil prokaryotic communities to a prolongation of the dry season in terms of diversity, community structure and co-occurrence patterns in a French Guianan tropical forest. Through excluding rainfall during and after the dry season, a simulated prolongation of the dry season by five months was compared to controls. Our results show that prokaryotic communities increasingly diverged from controls with the progression of rain exclusion. Furthermore, prolonged drought significantly affected microbial co-occurrence networks. However, both the composition and co-occurrence networks of soil prokaryotic communities immediately ceased to differ from controls when precipitation throughfall returned. This study thus suggests modest resistance but high resilience of microbial communities to a prolonged drought in tropical rainforest soils. |
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Oxford Academy |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1032 |
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Aubry-Kientz, Mélaine ; Laybros, Anthony ; Weinstein, Ben ; Ball, James G. C. ; Jackson, Toby ; Coomes, David ; Vincent, Grégoire |
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Multisensor data fusion for improved segmentation of individual tree crowns in dense tropical forests |
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2021 |
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IEEE Journal of Selected topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing |
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14 |
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3927-3936 |
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Automatic tree crown segmentation from remote sensing data is especially challenging in dense, diverse, and multilayered tropical forest canopies, and tracking mortality by this approach is even more difficult. Here, we examine the potential for combining airborne laser scanning (ALS) with multispectral and hyperspectral data to improve the accuracy of tree crown segmentation at a study site in French Guiana. We combined an ALS point cloud clustering method with a spectral deep learning model to achieve 83% accuracy at recognizing manually segmented reference crowns (with congruence >0.5). This method outperformed a two-step process that involved clustering the ALS point cloud and then using the logistic regression of hyperspectral distances to correct oversegmentation. We used this approach to map tree mortality from repeat surveys and show that the number of crowns identified in the first that intersected with height loss clusters was a good estimator of the number of dead trees in these areas. Our results demonstrate that multisensor data fusion improves the automatic segmentation of individual tree crowns and presents a promising avenue to study forest demography with repeated remote sensing acquisitions. |
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IEEE |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1008 |
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Dejean, Alain ; Petitclerc, Frédéric ; Azémar, Frédéric ; Rossi, Vivien |
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Nutrient provisioning of its host myrmecophytic tree by a temporary social parasite of a plant-ant |
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2021 |
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Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |
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133 |
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3 |
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744-750 |
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One of the most advanced ant–plant mutualisms is represented by myrmecophytes sheltering colonies of some plant-ant species in hollow structures called domatia. In turn, the myrmecophytes benefit from biotic protection and sometimes nutrient provisioning (myrmecotrophy). Furthermore, over the course of evolution, some ant species have become social parasites of others. In this general context, we studied the relationship between its host trees and Azteca andreae (Dolichoderinae), a temporary social parasite of the plant-ant Azteca ovaticeps, and, as such, obligatorily associated with myrmecophytic Cecropia obtusa trees (Urticaceae). A first experiment showed that the δ15N values of the young leaves of Cecropia sheltering a mature A. andreae colony were very similar to those for trees sheltering Azteca alfari or A. ovaticeps, two typical Cecropia mutualists for which myrmecotrophy is known. In a second experiment, by injecting a 15N-labelled glycine solution into locusts given as prey to A. andreae colonies, we triggered an increase in δ15N in the young leaves of their host Cecropia. Thus, 15N passed from the prey to the host trees, explaining the outcomes of the first experiment. We discuss these results in light of the notion of ‘by-product benefits’. |
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Oxford Academy |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1009 |
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Amani, Bienvenu H.K. ; N'Guessan, Anny E. ; Derroire, Géraldine ; N'dja, Justin K. ; Elogne, Aka G. M. ; Traoré, Karidia ; Zo-Bi, Irie C. ; Hérault, Bruno |
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The potential of secondary forests to restore biodiversity of the lost forests in semi-deciduous West Africa |
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Journal Article |
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2021 |
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Biological Conservation |
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259 |
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In West Africa, more than 80% of the original forest cover has disappeared due to the exponential growth of human populations in a recurrent search for new agricultural land. Once the fertility of the land is exhausted, these areas are abandoned and left to be reforested through natural succession. Despite the widespread presence of secondary forests of various ages in West African landscapes, little is known about the trajectories of recovery and the environmental factors that influence recovery rates. We set up 96 0.2 ha forest plots, along a chronosequence of 1 to 40 years and including 7 controls, on which all trees larger than 2.5 cm in diameter at breast height were inventoried. We modelled the recovery trajectories of four complementary dimensions of biodiversity (richness, diversity, composition, indicators of old-growth forest) in a Bayesian framework. Our results show that the four dimensions of biodiversity recover at different rates, with composition recovering much faster than floristic diversity. Among the local, landscape, and historical factors studied, the number of remnants and proximity to old-growth forests have a positive impact on recovery rates, with, under good environmental conditions, the composition, richness, and diversity being almost completely recovered in less than 25 years. Our results demonstrate the very high resilience of the composition of the semi-deciduous forests of West Africa, but also suggest that the management of these post-forest areas must be differentiated according to the landscape context and the presence of isolated trees, which are the last vestiges of the former forest. In unfavourable conditions, natural dynamics should be assisted by agroforestry practices and local tree planting to allow for a rapid restoration of forest goods and services to local populations. |
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Elsevier B.V. |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1010 |
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Urbina, Ifigenia ; Grau, Oriol ; Sardans, Jordi ; Margalef, Olga ; Peguero, Guillermo ; Asensio, Dolores ; Llusia, Joan ; Ogaya, Roma ; Gargallo-Garriga, Albert ; Van Langenhove, Leandro ; Verryckt, Lore T. ; Courtois, Elodie A. ; Stahl, Clement ; Soong, Jennifer L. ; Chave, Jérome ; Hérault, Bruno ; Janssens, Ivan A. ; Sayer, Emma ; Penuelas, Josep |
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High foliar K and P resorption efficiencies in old-growth tropical forests growing on nutrient-poor soils |
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Journal Article |
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2021 |
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Ecology and Evolution |
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11 |
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13 |
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8969-8982 |
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Resorption is the active withdrawal of nutrients before leaf abscission. This mechanism represents an important strategy to maintain efficient nutrient cycling; however, resorption is poorly characterized in old-growth tropical forests growing in nutrient-poor soils. We investigated nutrient resorption from leaves in 39 tree species in two tropical forests on the Guiana Shield, French Guiana, to investigate whether resorption efficiencies varied with soil nutrient, seasonality, and species traits. The stocks of P in leaves, litter, and soil were low at both sites, indicating potential P limitation of the forests. Accordingly, mean resorption efficiencies were higher for P (35.9%) and potassium (K; 44.6%) than for nitrogen (N; 10.3%). K resorption was higher in the wet (70.2%) than in the dry (41.7%) season. P resorption increased slightly with decreasing total soil P; and N and P resorptions were positively related to their foliar concentrations. We conclude that nutrient resorption is a key plant nutrition strategy in these old-growth tropical forests, that trees with high foliar nutrient concentration reabsorb more nutrient, and that nutrients resorption in leaves, except P, are quite decoupled from nutrients in the soil. Seasonality and biochemical limitation played a role in the resorption of nutrients in leaves, but species-specific requirements obscured general tendencies at stand and ecosystem level. |
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Wiley |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1011 |
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Bonhomme, Camille ; Céréghino, Régis ; Carrias, Jean-François ; Compin, Arthur ; Corbara, Bruno ; Jassey, Vincent E.J. ; Leflaive, Joséphine ; Farjalla, Vinicius F. ; Marino, Nicholas A.C. ; Rota, Thibault ; Srivastava, Diane S. ; Leroy, Celine |
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In situ resistance, not immigration, supports invertebrate community resilience to drought intensification in a neotropical ecosystem |
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2021 |
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Journal of Animal Ecology |
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90 |
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9 |
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2015-2026 |
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While future climate scenarios predict declines in precipitations in many regions of the world, little is known of the mechanisms underlying community resilience to prolonged dry seasons, especially in ‘naïve’ Neotropical rainforests. Predictions of community resilience to intensifying drought are complicated by the fact that the underlying mechanisms are mediated by species' tolerance and resistance traits, as well as rescue through dispersal from source patches. We examined the contribution of in situ tolerance-resistance and immigration to community resilience, following drought events that ranged from the ambient norm to IPCC scenarios and extreme events. We used rainshelters above rainwater-filled bromeliads of French Guiana to emulate a gradient of drought intensity (from 1 to 3.6 times the current number of consecutive days without rainfall), and we analysed the post-drought dynamics of the taxonomic and functional community structure of aquatic invertebrates to these treatments when immigration is excluded (by netting bromeliads) or permitted (no nets). Drought intensity negatively affected invertebrate community resistance, but had a positive influence on community recovery during the post-drought phase. After droughts of 1 to 1.4 times the current intensities, the overall invertebrate abundance recovered within invertebrate life cycle durations (up to 2 months). Shifts in taxonomic composition were more important after longer droughts, but overall, community composition showed recovery towards baseline states. The non-random patterns of changes in functional community structure indicated that deterministic processes like environmental filtering of traits drive community re-assembly patterns after a drought event. Community resilience mostly relied on in situ tolerance-resistance traits. A rescue effect of immigration after a drought event was weak and mostly apparent under extreme droughts. Under climate change scenarios of drought intensification in Neotropical regions, community and ecosystem resilience could primarily depend on the persistence of suitable habitats and on the resistance traits of species, while metacommunity dynamics could make a minor contribution to ecosystem recovery. Climate change adaptation should thus aim at identifying and preserving local conditions that foster in situ resistance and the buffering effects of habitat features. |
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British Ecological Society |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1012 |
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Peguero, Guille ; Ferrin, Miquel ; Sardans, Jordi ; Verbruggen, Erik ; Ramirez-Rojas , Irène ; Van Langenhove, Leandro ; Verryckt, Lore T. ; Murienne, Jérôme ; Iribar, Amaia ; Zinger, Lucie ; Grau, Oriol ; Orivel, Jérome ; Stahl, Clement ; Courtois, Elodie A. ; Asensio, Dolores ; Gargallo-Garriga, Albert ; Llusia, Joan ; Margalef, Olga ; Ogaya, Roma ; Richter, Andreas ; Janssens, Ivan A. ; Penuelas, Josep |
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Decay of similitary across tropical forest communities: integrating spatial distance with soil nutrients |
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Journal Article |
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2021 |
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Ecology |
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103 |
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2 |
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e03599 |
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Understanding the mechanisms that drive the change of biotic assemblages over space and time is the main quest of community ecology. Assessing the relative importance of dispersal and environmental species selection in a range of organismic sizes and motilities has been a fruitful strategy. A consensus for whether spatial and environmental distances operate similarly across spatial scales and taxa, however, has yet to emerge. We used censuses of four major groups of organisms (soil bacteria, fungi, ground insects, and trees) at two observation scales (1-m2 sampling point vs. 2,500-m2 plots) in a topographically standardized sampling design replicated in two tropical rainforests with contrasting relationships between spatial distance and nutrient availability. We modeled the decay of assemblage similarity for each taxon set and site to assess the relative contributions of spatial distance and nutrient availability distance. Then, we evaluated the potentially structuring effect of tree composition over all other taxa. The similarity of nutrient content in the litter and topsoil had a stronger and more consistent selective effect than did dispersal limitation, particularly for bacteria, fungi, and trees at the plot level. Ground insects, the only group assessed with the capacity of active dispersal, had the highest species turnover and the flattest nonsignificant distance−decay relationship, suggesting that neither dispersal limitation nor nutrient availability were fundamental drivers of their community assembly at this scale of analysis. Only the fungal communities at one of our study sites were clearly coordinated with tree composition. The spatial distance at the smallest scale was more important than nutrient selection for the bacteria, fungi, and insects. The lower initial similarity and the moderate variation in composition identified by these distance-decay models, however, suggested that the effects of stochastic sampling were important at this smaller spatial scale. Our results highlight the importance of nutrients as one of the main environmental drivers of rainforest communities irrespective of organismic or propagule size and how the overriding effect of the analytical scale influences the interpretation, leading to the perception of greater importance of dispersal limitation and ecological drift over selection associated with environmental niches at decreasing observation scales. |
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Ecological Society of America |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1022 |
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Vergne, Antoine ; Darbot, Vincent ; Bardot, Corinne ; Enault, François ; Le Jeune, Anne-Hélène ; Carrias, Jean-François ; Corbara, Bruno ; Céréghino, Régis ; Leroy, Celine ; Jeanthon, Christian ; Giraud, Eric ; Mary, Isabelle ; Lehours, Anne-Catherine |
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Assemblages of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in tank bromeliads exhibit a host-specific signatureit |
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Journal Article |
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2021 |
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Journal of Ecology |
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109 |
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7 |
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2550-2565 |
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Abstract |
Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (APB) are a very significant metabolic functional group in the phytotelmata of tank-forming Bromeliaceae plants. Considering the close relationships existing between the bromeliad and its tank microbiota, the dominance of APB raises the question of their role in the ecology and evolution of these plants. Here, using pufM gene sequencing for taxonomic profiling, we investigated the structure of APB communities in the tanks of five bromeliad species exhibiting different habitat characteristics (i.e. physicochemical factors associated with the host), and occurring in different localities of French Guiana.
We found that APB assemblages were specific to plant species and were less dependent on location or on bromeliad habitat characteristics. This convergence suggests that the identity of the bromeliad species per se is more important than habitat filtering or dispersal to control specific assembly rules for APB. The pufM OTUs were affiliated with five orders of Alpha- and Beta-proteobacteria (Rhodobacterales, Sphingomonadales, Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales and Rhodospirillales), and we assume that they may be major components of the core microbiota of plant-held waters. Our findings also revealed that up to 79% of the sequences were affiliated with APB clades possessing nitrogen-fixing genes suggesting that this metabolic capability is widespread within the APB community inhabiting tank bromeliads. We hypothesized that bromeliads may benefit nutritionally from associations with free-living APB capable to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Synthesis. Understanding the dominance of APB in tank bromeliads and determining whether a potential interplay exists between these partners is an intriguing aspect of possible mutualistic and coevolving interactions between the two existing forms of chlorophototrophy (i.e. bacteriochlorophyll-based anoxygenic and chlorophyll-based oxygenic phototrophy). In the present study, we found that bromeliad species was the main factor that explained variance in APB community composition. These findings suggest that APB and tank bromeliads may have a close, mutualistic relationship and we hypothesize according to our genomic analyses that APB may promote the bromeliad growth by provisioning essential nutrients like nitrogen. |
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British Ecological Society |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1023 |
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