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Blundo, C., Carilla, J., Grau, R., Malizia, M., Malizia, L., Osinaga-Acosta, O., et al.
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Perrot, T., Schwartz, M., Saiag, F., Salzet, G., Dumarçay, S., Favier, F., et al. (2018). Fungal Glutathione Transferases as Tools to Explore the Chemical Diversity of Amazonian Wood Extractives. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6(10), 13078–13085.
Abstract: The natural durability of wood is linked to its chemical composition and in particular the presence of metabolites called extractives that often possess chemical reactivity. For dealing with these compounds, wood degraders have developed detoxification systems usually involving enzyme families. Among these enzymes, glutathione transferases (GSTs) are involved in the decrease of the reactivity of toxic compounds. In this study, the hypothesis that the detoxification systems of wood decaying fungi could be indicators of the chemical reactivity of wood extracts has been tested. This approach has been evaluated using 32 wood extracts coming from French Guiana species, testing their antimicrobial ability, antioxidative properties, and reactivity against six GSTs from the white rot Trametes versicolor. From the obtained data, a significant correlation between the antimicrobial and antioxidative properties of the tested wood extracts and GST interactions was established. In addition, the chemical analysis performed on one of the most reactive extracts (an acetonic extract of Bagassa guianensis) has demonstrated oxyresveratrol as a major constituent. We were able to cocrystallize one GST with this commercially interesting compound. Taken together, the presented data support the hypothesis that detoxifying enzymes could be used to identify the presence of molecules of industrial interest in wood extracts.
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Donald, J., Maxfield, P., Leroy, C., & Ellwood, M. D. F. (2020). Epiphytic suspended soils from Borneo and Amazonia differ in their microbial community composition. Acta Oecol., 106.
Abstract: Microbial organisms support the high species diversity associated with tropical forests, and likely drive functional processes, but microorganisms found in rainforest canopies are not well understood. We quantified the microbial diversity of suspended soils from two classical epiphytic model systems (bromeliads & bird's nest ferns) across two localities: the Nouragues Reserve in French Guiana and Danum Valley in Malaysian Borneo. Non-epiphytic suspended soils were also collected as controls at the Nouragues Reserve. Effects of epiphyte type and sample location on microbial community composition were determined using Phospholipid Fatty Acid (PLFA) analysis. Total microbial biomass remained constant across the suspended soil types, but PLFA peaks denoting the relative abundance of different microbes varied between bromeliads, bird's nest ferns and non-epiphytic control soils. Suspended soils associated with bird's nest ferns from Borneo contained a microbial community significantly different in composition from those of congeneric bird's nest ferns from Amazonia, due to shifts in the relative abundance of fungi and bacteria. Our findings reveal that epiphytes create convergent niches for microorganisms in tropical canopies, while highlighting the sensitive nature of suspended soil microbial communities. © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS
Keywords: Asplenium; Bacteria; Borneo; Bromeliaceae; Canopy; French Guiana; Fungi; Plfa; Rainforest; bacterium; community composition; epiphyte; fungus; microbial community; niche; relative abundance; soil microorganism; species diversity; tropical forest; Amazonia; Borneo; Danum Valley; East Malaysia; French Guiana; Malaysia; Nouragues; Sabah; Asplenium; Asplenium nidus; Aves; Bacteria (microorganisms); Bromeliaceae; Fungi
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Herault, B., & Thoen, D. (2009). How habitat area, local and regional factors shape plant assemblages in isolated closed depressions. Acta Oecol.-Int. J. Ecol., 35(3), 385–392.
Abstract: Classifying species by shared life-history traits is important if common ecological response groups are to be identified among different species. We investigated how habitat area, local and regional factors shape plant communities in small isolated closed depressions, and how the species richness is related to the interplay between environmental factors and specific life-history trait combinations. In Central-Western Europe, 169 closed depressions were completely Surveyed for plant presence in two highly contrasted landscapes (forested and open landscapes). All species were clustered into 9 Emergent Groups based oil 10 life-history traits related to plant dispersal, establishment and persistence. Habitat areas were related to species presence using logistic regressions. Most Emergent Groups were more area-dependent in open than in forested landscapes, owing to heterogeneous light levels in forest weakening the species-area relationship. In open landscapes, Floating Hydrophytes were severely underrepresented in very small depressions, owing to the absence of waterfowl poulation. Local environmental and regional factors were related to species richness using Generalized Linear Models. In open landscapes, local environmental factors such as water conductivity or soil productivity are respectively the main predictors. In forested landscapes, the abundance of most Emergent Groups Was better predicted by regional factors, i.e., habitat connectivity and distance to the forest edge. Forested landscapes strongly impeded the closed depressions' colonization by the less mobile Emergent Groups Such as Large-seeded Perennials. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Closed depressions; Colonization; Connectivity; Fragmented habitats; Emergent Groups; Open and forested landscape; Life-history traits
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Falkowski, M., Jahn-Oyac, A., Odonne, G., Flora, C., Estevez, Y., Touré, S., et al. (2020). Towards the optimization of botanical insecticides research: Aedes aegypti larvicidal natural products in French Guiana. Acta Tropica, 201(105179).
Abstract: Natural products have proven to be an immeasurable source of bioactive compounds. The exceptional biodiversity encountered in Amazonia, alongside a rich entomofauna and frequent interactions with various herbivores is the crucible of a promising chemodiversity. This prompted us to search for novel botanical insecticides in French Guiana. As this French overseas department faces severe issues linked to insects, notably the strong incidence of vector-borne infectious diseases, we decided to focus our research on products able to control the mosquito Aedes aegypti. We tested 452 extracts obtained from 85 species originating from 36 botanical families and collected in contrasted environments against an Ae. aegypti laboratory strain susceptible to all insecticides, and a natural population resistant to both pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides collected in Cayenne for the most active of them. Eight species (Maytenus oblongata Reissek, Celastraceae; Costus erythrothyrsus Loes., Costaceae; Humiria balsamifera Aubl., Humiriaceae; Sextonia rubra (Mez) van der Werff, Lauraceae; Piper hispidum Sw., Piperaceae; Laetia procera (Poepp.) Eichl., Salicaceae; Matayba arborescens (Aubl.) Radlk., Sapindaceae; and Cupania scrobitulata Rich., Sapindaceae) led to extracts exhibiting more than 50% larval mortality after 48 h of exposition at 100 µg/mL against the natural population and were considered active. Selectivity and phytochemistry of these extracts were therefore investigated and discussed, and some active compounds highlighted. Multivariate analysis highlighted that solvents, plant tissues, plant family and location had a significant effect on mortality while light, available resources and vegetation type did not. Through this case study we highlighted that plant defensive chemistry mechanisms are crucial while searching for novel insecticidal products.
Keywords: Amazonian chemodiversity; Chemical defense; Culicidae; Mosquito larvicides; Quasi-Poisson generalized linear model; Screening optimization
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Sayer, E. J., Rodtassana, C., Sheldrake, M., Bréchet, L. M., Ashford, O. S., Lopez-Sangil, L., et al. (2020). Revisiting nutrient cycling by litterfall—Insights from 15 years of litter manipulation in old-growth lowland tropical forest. Adv. Ecol. Res., 62, 173–223.
Abstract: The crucial role of tropical forests in the global carbon balance is underpinned by their extraordinarily high biomass and productivity, even though the majority of tropical forests grow on nutrient-poor soils. Nutrient cycling by litterfall has long been considered essential for maintaining high primary productivity in lowland tropical forests but few studies have tested this assumption experimentally. We review and synthesise findings from the Gigante Litter Manipulation Project (GLiMP), a long-term experiment in lowland tropical forest in Panama, Central America, in which litter has been removed from or added to large-scale plots for 15 years. We assessed changes in soil and litter nutrient concentrations in response to the experimental treatments and estimated nutrient return and nutrient use efficiency to indicate changes in nutrient cycling. The soil concentrations of most nutrients increased with litter addition and declined with litter removal. Litter removal altered nitrogen, potassium, manganese and zinc cycling, demonstrating the importance of litter inputs for maintaining the availability of these elements to plants. By contrast, litter addition only altered nitrogen cycling and, despite low concentrations of available soil phosphorus, the effects of litter manipulation on phosphorus cycling were inconsistent. We discuss potential mechanisms underlying the observed changes, and we emphasise the importance of decomposition processes in the forest floor for retaining nutrient elements, which partially decouples nutrient cycling from the mineral soil. Finally, by synthesising GLiMP studies conducted during 15 years of litter manipulation, we highlight key knowledge gaps and avenues for future research into tropical forest nutrient cycling. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
Keywords: Forest floor; Litter addition; Litter removal; Litterfall; Nutrient cycling; Nutrient use efficiency; Soil fertility; Trace elements; Tropical lowland forest
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Zinger, L., Donald, J., Brosse, S., Gonzalez, M. A., Iribar, A., Leroy, C., et al. (2020). Advances and prospects of environmental DNA in neotropical rainforests. Adv. Ecol. Res., 62, 331–373.
Abstract: The rainforests of the Neotropics shelter a vast diversity of plant, animal and microscopic species that provide critical ecosystem goods and services for both local and worldwide populations. These environments face a major crisis due to increased deforestation, pollution, and climate change, emphasizing the need for more effective conservation efforts. The adequate monitoring of these ecosystems has proven a complex and time consuming endeavour, which depends on ever dwindling taxonomic expertise. To date, many species remain undiscovered, let alone described, with otherwise limited information regarding known species population distributions and densities. Overcoming these knowledge shortfalls and practical limitations is becoming increasingly possible through techniques based on environmental DNA (eDNA), i.e., DNA that can be obtained from environmental samples (e.g. tissues, soil, sediment, water, etc.). When coupled with high-throughput sequencing, these techniques now enable realistic, cost-effective, and standardisable biodiversity assessments. This opens up enormous opportunities for advancing our understanding of complex and species-rich tropical communities, but also in facilitating large-scale biomonitoring programs in the neotropics. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to eDNA methods, and an overview of their current and potential uses in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of neotropical rainforests. We also discuss the limits and challenges of these methods for our understanding and monitoring of biodiversity, as well as future research and applied perspectives of these techniques in neotropical rainforests, and beyond. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
Keywords: Biomonitoring; Conservation biology; DNA metabarcoding; eDNA; Environmental genomics; Neotropics; Rainforests
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van Gorsel, E., Delpierre, N., Leuning, R., Black, A., Munger, J. W., Wofsy, S., et al. (2009). Estimating nocturnal ecosystem respiration from the vertical turbulent flux and change in storage of CO2. Agric. For. Meteorol., 149(11), 1919–1930.
Abstract: Micrometeorological measurements of night time ecosystem respiration can be systematically biased when stable atmospheric conditions lead to drainage flows associated with decoupling of air flow above and within plant canopies. The associated horizontal and vertical advective fluxes cannot be measured using instrumentation on the single towers typically used at micrometeorological sites. A common approach to minimize bias is to use a threshold in friction velocity, u*, to exclude periods when advection is assumed to be important, but this is problematic in situations when in-canopy flows are decoupled from the flow above. Using data from 25 flux stations in a wide variety of forest ecosystems globally, we examine the generality of a novel approach to estimating nocturnal respiration developed by van Gorsel et al. (van Gorsel, E., Leuning, R., Cleugh, H.A., Keith, H., Suni, T., 2007. Nocturnal carbon efflux: reconciliation of eddy covariance and chamber measurements using an alternative to the u*-threshold filtering technique. Tellus 59B, 397-403, Tellus, 59B, 307-403). The approach is based on the assumption that advection is small relative to the vertical turbulent flux (F-C) and change in storage (F-S) of CO2 in the few hours after sundown. The sum of F-C and F-S reach a maximum during this period which is used to derive a temperature response function for ecosystem respiration. Measured hourly soil temperatures are then used with this function to estimate respiration R-Rmax. The new approach yielded excellent agreement with (1) independent measurements using respiration chambers, (2) with estimates using ecosystem light-response curves of F-c + F-s extrapolated to zero light, R-LRC, and (3) with a detailed process-based forest ecosystem model, R-cast. At most sites respiration rates estimated using the u*-filter, R-ust, were smaller than R-Rmax, and R-LRC. Agreement of our approach with independent measurements indicates that R-Rmax, provides an excellent estimate of nighttime ecosystem respiration. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Ecosystem respiration; Micrometeorology; Advection; u-star correction; Eddy covariance; Chamber; Process-based modelling
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Wagner, F., Herault, B., Stahl, C., Bonal, D., & Rossi, V. (2011). Modeling water availability for trees in tropical forests. Agric. For. Meteorol., 151(9), 1202–1213.
Abstract: Modeling soil water availability for tropical trees is a prerequisite to predicting the future impact of climate change on tropical forests. In this paper we develop a discrete-time deterministic water balance model adapted to tropical rainforest climates, and we validate it on a large dataset that includes micrometeorological and soil parameters along a topographic gradient in a lowland forest of French Guiana. The model computes daily water fluxes (rainfall interception, drainage, tree transpiration and soil plus understorey evapotranspiration) and soil water content using three input variables: daily precipitation, potential evapotranspiration and solar radiation. A novel statistical approach is employed that uses Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) soil moisture data to estimate water content at permanent wilting point and at field capacity, and root distribution. Inaccuracy of the TDR probes and other sources of uncertainty are taken into account by model calibration through a Bayesian framework. Model daily output includes relative extractable water, REW, i.e. the daily available water standardized by potential available water. The model succeeds in capturing temporal variations in REW regardless of topographic context. The low Root Mean Square Error of Predictions suggests that the model captures the most important drivers of soil water dynamics, i.e. water refilling and root water extraction. Our model thus provides a useful tool to explore the response of tropical forests to climate scenarios of changing rainfall regime and intensity. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Water balance model; Amazonian rainforest; Time domain reflectometer; Bayesian inference; Tree drought stress
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Staudt, K., Serafimovich, A., Siebicke, L., Pyles, R. D., & Falge, E. (2011). Vertical structure of evapotranspiration at a forest site (a case study). Agric. For. Meterol., 151(6), 709–729.
Abstract: The components of ecosystem evapotranspiration of a Norway spruce forest (Picea abies L.) as well as the vertical structure of canopy evapotranspiration were analyzed with a combination of measurements and models for a case study of 5 days in September 2007. Eddy-covariance and sap flux measurements were performed at several heights within the canopy at the FLUXNET site Waldstein-Weidenbrunnen (DE-Bay) in the Fichtelgebirge mountains in Germany. Within and above canopy fluxes were simulated with two stand-scale models, the 1D multilayer model ACASA that includes a third-order turbulence closure and the 3D model STANDFLUX. The soil and understory evapotranspiration captured with the eddy-covariance system in the trunk space constituted 10% of ecosystem evapotranspiration measured with the eddy-covariance system above the canopy. A comparison of transpiration measured with the sap flux technique and inferred from below and above canopy eddy-covariance systems revealed higher estimates from eddy-covariance measurements than for sap flux measurements. The relative influences of possible sources of this mismatch, such as the assumption of negligible contribution of evaporation from intercepted water, and differences between the eddy-covariance flux footprint and the area used for scaling sap flux measurements, were discussed. Ecosystem evapotranspiration as well as canopy transpiration simulated with the two models captured the dynamics of the measurements well, but slightly underestimated eddy-covariance values. Profile measurements and models also gave us the chance to assess in-canopy profiles of canopy evapotranspiration and the contributions of in-canopy layers. For daytime and a coupled or partly coupled canopy, mean simulated profiles of both models agreed well with eddy-covariance measurements, with a similar performance of the ACASA and the STANDFLUX model. Both models underestimated profiles for nighttime and decoupled conditions. During daytime, the upper half of the canopy contributed approximately 80% to canopy evapotranspiration, whereas during nighttime the contribution shifted to lower parts of the canopy. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Keywords: Eddy-covariance; Evapotranspiration; In-canopy profiles; Model; Picea abies L.; Sap flux; coniferous forest; ecosystem modeling; eddy covariance; evapotranspiration; forest canopy; sap flow; Fichtelgebirge; Germany; Picea abies
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