| Records |
| Author |
Malé, P.-J.G.; Leroy, C.; Lusignan, L.; Petitclerc, F.; Quilichini, A.; Orivel, J. |
Title  |
The reproductive biology of the myrmecophyte, Hirtella physophora, and the limitation of negative interactions between pollinators and ants |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Arthropod-Plant Interactions |
Abbreviated Journal |
Arthropod-Plant Interactions |
| Volume |
9 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
23-31 |
| Keywords |
Ant-plant; Ant–pollinator interactions; Floral structure and display; Plant reproductive biology; Spatial and temporal segregation |
| Abstract |
Myrmecophytism occurs in plants that offer ants a nesting space and, often, food rewards in exchange for protection from predators and competitors. Such biotic protection by ants can, however, interfere with the activity of pollinators leading to potential negative consequences for the plant’s reproduction. In this study, we focused on the association between the understory myrmecophyte, Hirtella physophora (Chrysobalanaceae), and its obligate ant partner, Allomerus decemarticulatus (Myrmicinae). We investigated the reproductive biology of H. physophora and the putative mechanisms that may limit ant–pollinator conflict. Our results show that H. physophora is an obligate outcrosser, self-incompatible, and potentially insect-pollinated species. The reproduction of H. physophora relies entirely on pollen transfer by pollinators that are likely quite specific. Potential interference between flower-visiting insects during pollination may also be lessened by a spatial and temporal segregation of ant and pollinator activities, thus enabling pollen transfer and fruit production. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. |
| Address |
IRD, UMR AMAP (botAnique et bioinforMatique de l’Architecture des Plantes), Boulevard de la Lironde, TA A-51/PS2Montpellier Cedex 5, France |
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Export Date: 9 April 2015 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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593 |
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Vincent, G.; Molino, J.F.; Marescot, L.; Barkaoui, K.; Sabatier, D.; Freycon, V.; Roelens, J.B. |
| Title |
The relative importance of dispersal limitation and habitat preference in shaping spatial distribution of saplings in a tropical moist forest: a case study along a combination of hydromorphic and canopy disturbance gradients |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Annals of Forest Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann. For. Sci. |
| Volume |
68 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
357-370 |
| Keywords |
Species assemblage; Dispersal limitation; Tropical moist forest; Niche |
| Abstract |
Various processes contribute to shaping the local assemblage of species in hyperdiverse tropical forest. The relative contribution of environmental factors and dispersal limitation in determining the spatial distribution of saplings at local scale is unclear. We examined two types of environmental factors: (a) soil type reflecting drainage regime and (b) past logging damages reflecting light regime in a neotropical moist forest site. We used a logistic model to predict presence or absence of a given species in a network of elementary small plots. The effect of mapped environmental factors and a spatial correlation term were jointly estimated providing a direct measure of the relative role of habitat specialisation and dispersal limitation. At community level, dispersal limitation was the most important determinant of species absence at local scale. The two environmental factors examined played a balanced role. Different species however showed different degrees of dispersal limitation and habitat specialisation. The distribution of a large proportion of species-the majority of the most abundant species-was significantly affected by at least one environmental factor. We provide a ranking of 49 species sensitive to canopy disturbance (from shade specialist to pioneer) and 41 species affected by seasonal flooding (either positively or negatively). |
| Address |
[Vincent, Gregoire; Marescot, Lucile; Barkaoui, Karim] IRD, Unite Mixte Rech AMAP, Kourou 97387, French Guiana, Email: gregoire.vincent@ird.fr |
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Springer France |
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1286-4560 |
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ISI:000290448000014 |
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no |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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318 |
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Houadria, M.; Blüthgen, N.; Salas-Lopez, A.; Schmitt, M.-I.; Arndt, J.; Schneider, E.; Orivel, J.; Menzel, F. |
| Title |
The relation between circadian asynchrony, functional redundancy, and trophic performance in tropical ant communities |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ecology |
| Volume |
97 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
225-235 |
| Keywords |
Diel turnover; Ecosystem functioning; Functional diversity; Multifunctional redundancy; Sampling effect; Temporal partitioning; Tropical rain forests |
| Abstract |
The diversity-stability relationship has been under intense scrutiny for the past decades, and temporal asynchrony is recognized as an important aspect of ecosystem stability. In contrast to relatively well- studied interannual and seasonal asynchrony, few studies investigate the role of circadian cycles for ecosystem stability. Here, we studied multifunctional redundancy of diurnal and nocturnal ant communities in four tropical rain forest sites. We analyzed how it was influenced by species richness, functional performance, and circadian asynchrony. In two neotropical sites, species richness and functional redundancy were lower at night. In contrast, these parameters did not differ in the two paleotropical sites we studied. Circadian asynchrony between species was pronounced in the neotropical sites, and increased circadian functional redundancy. In general, species richness positively affected functional redundancy, but the effect size depended on the temporal and spatial breadth of the species with highest functional performance. Our analysis shows that high levels of trophic performance were only reached through the presence of such high- performing species, but not by even contributions of multiple, less- efficient species. Thus, these species can increase current functional performance, but reduce overall functional redundancy. Our study highlights that diurnal and nocturnal ecosystem properties of the very same habitat can markedly differ in terms of species richness and functional redundancy. Consequently, like the need to study multiple ecosystem functions, multiple periods of the circadian cycle need to be assessed in order to fully understand the diversity- stability relationship in an ecosystem. © 2016 by the Ecological Society of America. |
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CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, BP 709, Kourou Cedex, France |
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Export Date: 17 February 2016 |
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no |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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664 |
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Dejean, A.; Moreau, C.S.; Kenne, M.; Leponce, M. |
| Title |
The raiding success of Pheidole megacephala on other ants in both its native and introduced ranges |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Comptes Rendus Biologies |
Abbreviated Journal |
C. R. Biol. |
| Volume |
331 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
631-635 |
| Keywords |
invasive ants; predation; raiding other ants; recruitment |
| Abstract |
We studied the behaviour of the invasive African myrmicine ant, Pheidole megacephala, when confronted with colonies of other common ant species in Cameroon, a part of its native range, and in Mexico, where it has been introduced. P. megacephala raided the nests of the other ants in both cases. Eleven species out of 12 put up a rather strong resistance to raiding P. megacephala workers in Cameroon compared to only three species out of 11 in Mexico, where only colonies of Solenopsis geminata, Dorymyrmex pyramicus and Dolichoderus bispinosus resisted these raids. We conclude that P. megacephala's heightened ability to successfully raid colonies of competing ants may help explain its success and the decline of native ants in areas where it has been introduced. |
| Address |
[Dejean, Alain] CNRS Guyane, UPS 2561, F-97300 Cayenne, France, Email: alain.dejean@wanadoo.fr |
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ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER |
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1631-0691 |
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ISI:000258523200008 |
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no |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
210 |
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Hudson, L.N.; Newbold, T.; Contu, S.; Hill, S.L.L.; Lysenko, I.; De Palma, A.; Phillips, H.R.P.; Senior, R.A.; Bennett, D.J.; Booth, H.; Choimes, A.; Correia, D.L.P.; Day, J.; Echeverría-Londoño, S.; Garon, M.; Harrison, M.L.K.; Ingram, D.J.; Jung, M.; Kemp, V.; Kirkpatrick, L.; Martin, C.D.; Pan, Y.; White, H.J.; Aben, J.; Abrahamczyk, S.; Adum, G.B.; Aguilar-Barquero, V.; Aizen, M.A.; Ancrenaz, M.; Arbeláez-Cortés, E.; Armbrecht, I.; Azhar, B.; Azpiroz, A.B.; Baeten, L.; Báldi, A.; Banks, J.E.; Barlow, J.; Batáry, P.; Bates, A.J.; Bayne, E.M.; Beja, P.; Berg, A.; Berry, N.J.; Bicknell, J.E.; Bihn, J.H.; Böhning-Gaese, K.; Boekhout, T.; Boutin, C.; Bouyer, J.; Brearley, F.Q.; Brito, I.; Brunet, J.; Buczkowski, G.; Buscardo, E.; Cabra-García, J.; Calviño-Cancela, M.; Cameron, S.A.; Cancello, E.M.; Carrijo, T.F.; Carvalho, A.L.; Castro, H.; Castro-Luna, A.A.; Cerda, R.; Cerezo, A.; Chauvat, M.; Clarke, F.M.; Cleary, D.F.R.; Connop, S.P.; D'Aniello, B.; da Silva, P.G.; Darvill, B.; Dauber, J.; Dejean, A.; Diekötter, T.; Dominguez-Haydar, Y.; Dormann, C.F.; Dumont, B.; Dures, S.G.; Dynesius, M.; Edenius, L.; Elek, Z.; Entling, M.H.; Farwig, N.; Fayle, T.M.; Felicioli, A.; Felton, A.M.; Ficetola, G.F.; Filgueiras, B.K.C.; Fonte, S.J.; Fraser, L.H.; Fukuda, D.; Furlani, D.; Ganzhorn, J.U.; Garden, J.G.; Gheler-Costa, C.; Giordani, P.; Giordano, S.; Gottschalk, M.S.; Goulson, D.; Gove, A.D.; Grogan, J.; Hanley, M.E.; Hanson, T.; Hashim, N.R.; Hawes, J.E.; Hébert, C.; Helden, A.J.; Henden, J.-A.; Hernández, L.; Herzog, F.; Higuera-Diaz, D.; Hilje, B.; Horgan, F.G.; Horváth, R.; Hylander, K.; Isaacs-Cubides, P.; Ishitani, M.; Jacobs, C.T.; Jaramillo, V.J.; Jauker, B.; Jonsell, M.; Jung, T.S.; Kapoor, V.; Kati, V.; Katovai, E.; Kessler, M.; Knop, E.; Kolb, A.; Korösi, Á.; Lachat, T.; Lantschner, V.; Le Féon, V.; Lebuhn, G.; Légaré, J.-P.; Letcher, S.G.; Littlewood, N.A.; López-Quintero, C.A.; Louhaichi, M.; Lövei, G.L.; Lucas-Borja, M.E.; Luja, V.H.; Maeto, K.; Magura, T.; Mallari, N.A.; Marin-Spiotta, E.; Marshall, E.J.P.; Martínez, E.; Mayfield, M.M.; Mikusinski, G.; Milder, J.C.; Miller, J.R.; Morales, C.L.; Muchane, M.N.; Muchane, M.; Naidoo, R.; Nakamura, A.; Naoe, S.; Nates-Parra, G.; Navarrete Gutierrez, D.A.; Neuschulz, E.L.; Noreika, N.; Norfolk, O.; Noriega, J.A.; Nöske, N.M.; O'Dea, N.; Oduro, W.; Ofori-Boateng, C.; Oke, C.O.; Osgathorpe, L.M.; Paritsis, J.; Parra-H, A.; Pelegrin, N.; Peres, C.A.; Persson, A.S.; Petanidou, T.; Phalan, B.; Philips, T.K.; Poveda, K.; Power, E.F.; Presley, S.J.; Proença, V.; Quaranta, M.; Quintero, C.; Redpath-Downing, N.A.; Reid, J.L.; Reis, Y.T.; Ribeiro, D.B.; Richardson, B.A.; Richardson, M.J.; Robles, C.A.; Römbke, J.; Romero-Duque, L.P.; Rosselli, L.; Rossiter, S.J.; Roulston, T.H.; Rousseau, L.; Sadler, J.P.; Sáfián, S.; Saldaña-Vázquez, R.A.; Samnegård, U.; Schüepp, C.; Schweiger, O.; Sedlock, J.L.; Shahabuddin, G.; Sheil, D.; Silva, F.A.B.; Slade, E.M.; Smith-Pardo, A.H.; Sodhi, N.S.; Somarriba, E.J.; Sosa, R.A.; Stout, J.C.; Struebig, M.J.; Sung, Y.-H.; Threlfall, C.G.; Tonietto, R.; Tóthmérész, B.; Tscharntke, T.; Turner, E.C.; Tylianakis, J.M.; Vanbergen, A.J.; Vassilev, K.; Verboven, H.A.F.; Vergara, C.H.; Vergara, P.M.; Verhulst, J.; Walker, T.R.; Wang, Y.; Watling, J.I.; Wells, K.; Williams, C.D.; Willig, M.R.; Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Wolf, J.H.D.; Woodcock, B.A.; Yu, D.W.; Zaitsev, A.S.; Collen, B.; Ewers, R.M.; Mace, G.M.; Purves, D.W.; Scharlemann, J.P.W.; Purvis, A. |
| Title |
The PREDICTS database: A global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Ecology and Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ecology and Evolution |
| Volume |
4 |
Issue |
24 |
Pages |
4701-4735 |
| Keywords |
Data sharing; Global change; Habitat destruction; Land use |
| Abstract |
Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species' threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – www.predicts.org.uk). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015. The collation of biodiversity datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents is necessary to understand historical declines and to project – and hopefully avert – future declines. We describe a newly collated database of more than 1.6 million biodiversity measurements from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. |
| Address |
Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower StreetLondon, United Kingdom |
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Export Date: 6 January 2015 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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577 |
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Dejean, A.; Rodríguez-Pérez, H.; Carpenter, J.M.; Azémar, F.; Corbara, B. |
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The predatory behavior of the Neotropical social wasp Polybia rejecta |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
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140 |
Issue |
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Pages |
161-168 |
| Keywords |
Epiponine wasps; Polistinae; Predation; Prey selection; Recruitment; Vespidae |
| Abstract |
Abstract We experimentally studied the predatory behavior of Polybia rejecta (Vespidae, Polistinae, Epiponini) towards 2–88 mm-long insects attracted to a UV light trap. Foragers, which began to hunt at 6:30, selected 4–14 mm-long prey insects. Prey detection by sight by hovering wasps was confirmed using decoys. After the wasps landed and walked along a sinuous path, prey were detected by contact or from a distance (1–3 cm). This was followed by seizure, stinging (contrarily to most other known cases), prey manipulation and retrieval. Prey that flew off might be caught in flight. The prey load, representing 30.7% of a forager’s weight, was optimized by capturing up to six small prey or two medium-sized prey successively (both of which might be consumed in situ). The foragers cut off the wings of larger prey or cut them into two pieces and returned to gather the second piece. The handling time increased exponentially with the weight of the prey. Partial loading (i.e., retrieving a load much inferior to the maximum possible) was likely related to social facilitation, a form of nest-based recruitment that was demonstrated through the experimental elimination of local enhancement by removing foragers (both mechanisms favor the exploitation of favorable patches). |
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0376-6357 |
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no |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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751 |
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Dejean, A.; Moreau, C.S.; Uzac, P.; Le Breton, J.; Kenne, M. |
| Title |
The predatory behavior of Pheidole megacephala |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Comptes Rendus Biologies |
Abbreviated Journal |
C. R. Biol. |
| Volume |
330 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
701-709 |
| Keywords |
Invasive ants; Landmarks; Pheidole megacephala; Predatory behavior; Recruitment; pheromone; ant; behavioral ecology; foraging behavior; invasive species; nest predation; pheromone; predator-prey interaction; animal experiment; ant; article; competitor species; controlled study; foraging behavior; host range; Isoptera; nest predation; nonhuman; predation; predator prey interaction; prey selection; species invasion; worker (insect); Animals; Ants; Feeding Behavior; Female; Isoptera; Predatory Behavior; Social Behavior; Formicidae; Hexapoda; Isoptera; Pheidole megacephala |
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We studied the foraging and predatory behaviors of the invasive African myrmicine ant, Pheidole megacephala (F.) in its native range. Workers can singly capture a wide range of insects, including relatively large prey items. For still larger prey, they recruit at short range those nestmates situated within reach of an alarm pheromone and together spread-eagle the insect. These behaviors are complimented by a long-range recruitment (of nestmates remaining in the nest) based on prey size. P. megacephala scouts also use long-range recruitment when they detect the landmarks of termites and competing ant species, thus permitting them to avoid confronting these termites and ants solitarily. |
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Département de biologie des organismes animaux, faculté des sciences, l'université de Douala, BP 24157, Douala, Cameroon |
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16310691 (Issn) |
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Cited By (since 1996): 8; Export Date: 22 October 2011; Source: Scopus; Coden: Crboc; doi: 10.1016/j.crvi.2007.06.005; PubMed ID: 17720587; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Dejean, A.; CNRS-Guyane, UPS 2561, UMR-CNRS 5174, 16, avenue André-Aron, 97300 Cayenne, France; email: alain.dejean@wanadoo.fr |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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354 |
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Amani, Bienvenu H.K. ; N'Guessan, Anny E. ; Derroire, Géraldine ; N'dja, Justin K. ; Elogne, Aka G. M. ; Traoré, Karidia ; Zo-Bi, Irie C. ; Hérault, Bruno |
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The potential of secondary forests to restore biodiversity of the lost forests in semi-deciduous West Africa |
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Journal Article |
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2021 |
Publication |
Biological Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
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259 |
Issue |
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In West Africa, more than 80% of the original forest cover has disappeared due to the exponential growth of human populations in a recurrent search for new agricultural land. Once the fertility of the land is exhausted, these areas are abandoned and left to be reforested through natural succession. Despite the widespread presence of secondary forests of various ages in West African landscapes, little is known about the trajectories of recovery and the environmental factors that influence recovery rates. We set up 96 0.2 ha forest plots, along a chronosequence of 1 to 40 years and including 7 controls, on which all trees larger than 2.5 cm in diameter at breast height were inventoried. We modelled the recovery trajectories of four complementary dimensions of biodiversity (richness, diversity, composition, indicators of old-growth forest) in a Bayesian framework. Our results show that the four dimensions of biodiversity recover at different rates, with composition recovering much faster than floristic diversity. Among the local, landscape, and historical factors studied, the number of remnants and proximity to old-growth forests have a positive impact on recovery rates, with, under good environmental conditions, the composition, richness, and diversity being almost completely recovered in less than 25 years. Our results demonstrate the very high resilience of the composition of the semi-deciduous forests of West Africa, but also suggest that the management of these post-forest areas must be differentiated according to the landscape context and the presence of isolated trees, which are the last vestiges of the former forest. In unfavourable conditions, natural dynamics should be assisted by agroforestry practices and local tree planting to allow for a rapid restoration of forest goods and services to local populations. |
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Elsevier B.V. |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1010 |
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Dejean, A.; Djieto-Lordon, C.; Orivel, J. |
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The plant ant Tetraponera aethiops (Pseudomyrmecinae) protects its host myrmecophyte Barteria fistulosa (Passifloraceae) through aggressiveness and predation |
Type |
Journal Article |
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2008 |
Publication |
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biol. J. Linnean Soc. |
| Volume |
93 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
63-69 |
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ants; plant protection; territorial aggressiveness |
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Plant ants generally provide their host myrmecophytes (i.e. plants that shelter a limited number of ant species in hollow structures) protection from defoliating insects, but the exact nature of this protection is poorly known. It was with this in mind that we studied the association between Tetraponera aethiops F. Smith (Pseudomyrmecinae) and its specific host myrmecophyte Barteria fistulosa Mast. (Passifloraceae). Workers bore entrances into the horizontal hollow branches (domatia) of their host B. fistulosa, near the base of the petiole of the alternate horizontal leaves. They then ambush intruders from the domatia, close to these entrances. After perceiving the vibrations caused when an insect lands on a leaf, they rush to it and sting and generally spreadeagle the insect (only small caterpillars are mastered by single workers). Among the insects likely to defoliate B. fistulosa, adult leaf beetles and large katydids were taken as prey and cut up; single workers then retrieved some pieces, whereas other workers imbibed the prey's haemolymph. Other insects known to defoliate this plant, if unable to escape, were killed and discarded. Small Acrea zetes L. caterpillars were stung and then discarded by single workers; whereas locusts of different sizes were mastered by groups of workers that stung and spreadeagled them before discarding them (although a part of their haemolymph was imbibed). More workers were involved and more time was necessary to master insects taken as prey than those attacked and discarded. Consequently, the protection T. aethiops workers provide to their host B. fistulosa from defoliating insects results from predation, but more often from a type of aggressiveness wherein insects are killed and then discarded. (c) 2008 The Linnean Society of London. |
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[Dejean, Alain] CNRS Guyane, UPS 2561, F-97300 Cayenne, France, Email: alain.dejean@wanadoo.fr |
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BLACKWELL PUBLISHING |
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0024-4066 |
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ISI:000251738300007 |
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Lehnebach, R.; Beyer, R.; Letort, V.; Heuret, P. |
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The pipe model theory half a century on: a review |
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2018 |
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Annals of Botany |
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121 |
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5 |
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773-795 |
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BackgroundMore than a half century ago, Shinozaki et al. (Shinozaki K, Yoda K, Hozumi K, Kira T. 1964a. A quantitative analysis of plant form – the pipe model theory. I. Basic analyses. Japanese Journal of Ecology B: 97–105) proposed an elegant conceptual framework, the pipe model theory (PMT), to interpret the observed linear relationship between the amount of stem tissue and corresponding supported leaves. The PMT brought a satisfactory answer to two vividly debated problems that were unresolved at the moment of its publication: (1) What determines tree form and which rules drive biomass allocation to the foliar versus stem compartments in plants? (2) How can foliar area or mass in an individual plant, in a stand or at even larger scales be estimated? Since its initial formulation, the PMT has been reinterpreted and used in applications, and has undoubtedly become an important milestone in the mathematical interpretation of plant form and functioning.ScopeThis article aims to review the PMT by going back to its initial formulation, stating its explicit and implicit properties and discussing them in the light of current biological knowledge and experimental evidence in order to identify the validity and range of applicability of the theory. We also discuss the use of the theory in tree biomechanics and hydraulics as well as in functional–structural plant modelling.ConclusionsScrutinizing the PMT in the light of modern biological knowledge revealed that most of its properties are not valid as a general rule. The hydraulic framework derived from the PMT has attracted much more attention than its mechanical counterpart and implies that only the conductive portion of a stem cross-section should be proportional to the supported foliage amount rather than the whole of it. The facts that this conductive portion is experimentally difficult to measure and varies with environmental conditions and tree ontogeny might cause the commonly reported non-linear relationships between foliage and stem metrics. Nevertheless, the PMT can still be considered as a portfolio of properties providing a unified framework to integrate and analyse functional–structural relationships. |
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0305-7364 |
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10.1093/aob/mcx194 |
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