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Kiaer, L.P.; Felber, F.; Flavell, A.; Guadagnuolo, R.; Guiatti, D.; Hauser, T.P.; Olivieri, A.M.; Scotti, I.; Syed, N.; Vischi, M.; van de Wiel, C.; Jorgensen, R.B. |
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Title |
Spontaneous gene flow and population structure in wild and cultivated chicory, Cichorium intybus L |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. |
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Volume |
56 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
405-419 |
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Keywords |
AFLP; GM co-existence; Gene dispersal; Introgression; Risk assessment; SSAP |
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Abstract |
Spontaneous gene flow between wild and cultivated chicory, Cichorium intybus L., may have implications for the genetic structure and evolution of populations and varieties. One aspect of this crop-wild gene flow is the dispersal of transgenes from genetically modified varieties, e.g. gene flow from GM chicory to natural chicory could have unwanted consequences. With the purpose to identify and quantify crop-wild gene flow in chicory, we analysed introgression in 19 wild chicory populations and 16 accessions of chicory varieties and landraces distributed across Northern, Central and Mediterranean Europe. The analysis used 281 AFLP markers and 75 SSAP markers giving a total of 356 polymorphic markers. Results from model based assignments with the program STRUCTURE indicated many incidents of recent gene flow. Gene flow was observed both between cultivars and wild populations, between landraces and wild populations, between different wild populations as well as between cultivars. Population structure visualized by distance-based clustering showed a North-South geographical structuring of the wild populations, and a general grouping of the cultivars corresponding to known origin. The results indicated, however, that the structuring between the two groups of wild and cultivated types was weak. As crop and wild recipients are genetically close and genes are transferred between the two types rather frequently, focus on mitigating crop-wild gene flow should be increased, before transgenic varieties are cultivated openly. |
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[Kiaer, L. P.; Jorgensen, R. B.] DTU, Riso Natl Lab, Biosyst Dept, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Email: rikke.bagger.jorgensen@risoe.dk |
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0925-9864 |
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ISI:000264835300011 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial  |
204 |
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Marchal, R.; Mothe, F.; Denaud, L.E.; Thibaut, B.; Bleron, L. |
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Title |
Cutting forces in wood machining – Basics and applications in industrial processes. A review COST Action E35 2004-2008: Wood machining – micromechanics and fracture |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Holzforschung |
Abbreviated Journal |
Holzforschung |
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Volume |
63 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
157-167 |
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Keywords |
cutting forces; online control; peeling process; physico-mechanical model; sound; vibrations; wood industry; wood machining |
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Abstract |
The data available in the literature concerning wood cutting forces permits to build models or to simulate the main wood machining processes ( milling, sawing, peeling, etc.). This approach contributes to a better understanding of formation of wood surfaces and chips and the data may be helpful to optimise cutting geometry, reduce tool wear, improve tool material, and to size tool-machines. The models may also be useful for industrial application in two ways: ( 1) providing data to optimise the settings for a given operation ( batch approach), and ( 2) building predictive models that could be the basis of an online control system for the machining processes ( interactive approach). A prerequisite for this is that numerous machining tests on different wood materials are performed based on experiences with different kind of tools and experimental devices. With a focus on potential industrial applications, the emphasis of this review was on the wood peeling process, which is a very demanding special case of wood cutting. Although not so many industrial machines are equipped with expensive force sensors, there is a lot of high quality information available about cutting forces which may be useful to improve the scientific or technological knowledge in wood machining. Alternative parameters, such as vibration or sound measurements, appear to be promising substitutes in the praxis, particularly to feed online control systems of any wood cutting process. |
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[Marchal, Remy; Bleron, Laurent] Arts & Metiers ParisTech, LABOMAP, F-71250 Cluny, France, Email: remy.marchal@cluny.ensam.fr |
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WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO |
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0018-3830 |
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ISI:000263932200006 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
205 |
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Leroy, C.; Gueroult, M.; Wahyuni, N.S.; Escoute, J.; Cereghino, R.; Sabatier, S.; Auclair, D. |
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Title |
Morphogenetic trends in the morphological, optical and biochemical features of phyllodes in Acacia mangium Willd (Mimosaceae) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Trees-Structure and Function |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trees-Struct. Funct. |
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Volume |
23 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
37-49 |
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Keywords |
Chlorophyll; Phyllode morphology; Phyllode anatomy; Nitrogen; Optical properties; Plant architecture |
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Endogenous variations in the annual growth of trees suggest that similar trends would occur in phyllodes. In comparison to leaves, the characteristics of phyllodes are less well known, hence this study examines the effects of architectural position and age of tree on the phyllodes of Acacia mangium. Phyllodes were investigated on 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old trees from three axis positions within the crown. We focused on the morphological, optical and biochemical traits of the phyllodes. The increase in phyllode area and lamina thickness is more pronounced in the older trees. Leaf mass area (LMA), stomatal density, nitrogen and chlorophyll content increase with tree age. The values of these characteristics decrease from the main stem to the lower branches for the older trees. Phyllode light absorptance increased with tree age whereas reflectance was higher for the upper position compared to the lower position within the crown. Carotenoid content and chlorophyll a/b ratio were higher for the younger phyllodes of younger trees. Increasing tree size induced modifications in the phyllode characteristics which are influenced by both morphogenetic and light gradients within the crown. This study demonstrated pronounced changes in terms of morphological and functional indicators of photosynthetic capacity in relation to phyllode position within the crown and to tree age. These morphogenetic effects on the phyllode characteristics should be taken into account in studies on phenotypic plasticity. |
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[Sabatier, Sylvie] CIRAD, UMR AMAP BotAnique & BioinforMat Architecture, F-34398 Montpellier 5, France, Email: sylvie-annabel.sabatier@cirad.fr |
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0931-1890 |
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ISI:000262538700005 |
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no |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
206 |
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Grangier, J.; Dejean, A.; Male, P.J.G.; Orivel, J. |
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Title |
Indirect defense in a highly specific ant-plant mutualism |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Naturwissenschaften |
Abbreviated Journal |
Naturwissenschaften |
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Volume |
95 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
909-916 |
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Keywords |
Allomerus decemarticulatus; Hirtella physophora; indirect defense; myrmecophytes; optimal defense theory |
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Abstract |
Although associations between myrmecophytes and their plant ants are recognized as a particularly effective form of protective mutualism, their functioning remains incompletely understood. This field study examined the ant-plant Hirtella physophora and its obligate ant associate Allomerus decemarticulatus. We formulated two hypotheses on the highly specific nature of this association: (1) Ant presence should be correlated with a marked reduction in the amount of herbivory on the plant foliage; (2) ant activity should be consistent with the “optimal defense” theory predicting that the most vulnerable and valuable parts of the plant are the best defended. We validated the first hypothesis by demonstrating that for ant-excluded plants, expanding leaves, but also newly matured ones in the long term, suffered significantly more herbivore damage than ant-inhabited plants. We showed that A. decemarticulatus workers represent both constitutive and inducible defenses for their host, by patrolling its foliage and rapidly recruiting nestmates to foliar wounds. On examining how these activities change according to the leaves' developmental stage, we found that the number of patrolling ants dramatically decreased as the leaves matured, while leaf wounds induced ant recruitment regardless of the leaf's age. The resulting level of these indirect defenses was roughly proportional to leaf vulnerability and value during its development, thus validating our second hypothesis predicting optimal protection. This led us to discuss the factors influencing ant activity on the plant's surface. Our study emphasizes the importance of studying both the constitutive and inducible components of indirect defense when evaluating its efficacy and optimality. |
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[Grangier, Julien; Dejean, Alain; Male, Pierre-Jean G.; Orivel, Jerome] Univ Toulouse 3, Lab Evolut & Diversite Biol, CNRS, UMR 5174, F-31062 Toulouse 9, France, Email: grangier@cict.fr |
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0028-1042 |
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ISI:000259737600002 |
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no |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
207 |
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Author |
Grangier, J.; Orivel, J.; Negrini, M.; Dejean, A. |
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Title |
Low intraspecific aggressiveness in two obligate plant-ant species |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Insectes Sociaux |
Abbreviated Journal |
Insect. Soc. |
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Volume |
55 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
238-240 |
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Keywords |
aggressiveness; Allomerus; myrmecophytes; plant-ants; recognition ability |
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Little is known about the aggressiveness of plant-ants typically living in isolated trees nor about how that aggressiveness varies based on this isolation. Here, we examine intra- and interspecific aggressiveness between workers of two Allomerus species associated with two different myrmecophytes. In both cases, the level of intraspecific aggressiveness is very low whatever the distance separating the tested nests, while interspecific conflicts are always violent. Similar patterns of aggressiveness have been reported in various ant species, but the strictly arboreal life of Allomerus ants associated with the isolation of their adult colonies highlight different ecological conditions that might explain the lack of aggressiveness between conspecifics. |
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Address |
[Grangier, J.; Orivel, J.; Negrini, M.; Dejean, A.] Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, UMR 5174, Lab Evolut & Diversite Biol, F-31062 Toulouse 9, France, Email: grangier@cict.fr |
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BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG |
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ISSN |
0020-1812 |
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Notes |
ISI:000258959300004 |
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no |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
208 |
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Author |
Dejean, A.; Grangier, J.; Leroy, C.; Orivel, J.; Gilbernau, M. |
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Title |
Nest site selection and induced response in a dominant arboreal ant species |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Naturwissenschaften |
Abbreviated Journal |
Naturwissenschaften |
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Volume |
95 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
885-889 |
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Keywords |
ant-plant relationships; biotic defense; induced responses; predation |
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Abstract |
It is well known that arboreal ants, both territorially dominant species and plant ants (e.g., species associated with myrmecophytes or plants housing them in hollow structures), protect their host trees from defoliators. Nevertheless, the presence of an induced defense, suggested by the fact that the workers discovering a leaf wound recruit nestmates, is only known for plant ants. Based on the results from a field study, we show here (1) that colonies of Azteca chartifex, a territorially dominant, neotropical arboreal ant species, mostly selected Goupia glabra (Goupiaceae) trees in which to build their principal carton nests and (2) that plant signals induced workers to recruit nestmates, which patrol the leaves, likely providing the plant with a biotic defense. Furthermore, the number of recruited workers was clearly higher on G. glabra, their most frequently selected host tree species, than on other tree species. These results show that contrary to what was previously believed, induced responses are also found in territorially dominant arboreal ants and so are not limited to the specific associations between myrmecophytes and plant ants. |
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Address |
[Dejean, Alain] CNRS Guyane, UPS 5621, F-97300 Cayenne, France, Email: alain.dejean@wanadoo.fr |
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SPRINGER |
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0028-1042 |
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Notes |
ISI:000258675700013 |
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no |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
209 |
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Author |
Dejean, A.; Moreau, C.S.; Kenne, M.; Leponce, M. |
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Title |
The raiding success of Pheidole megacephala on other ants in both its native and introduced ranges |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Comptes Rendus Biologies |
Abbreviated Journal |
C. R. Biol. |
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Volume |
331 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
631-635 |
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Keywords |
invasive ants; predation; raiding other ants; recruitment |
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Abstract |
We studied the behaviour of the invasive African myrmicine ant, Pheidole megacephala, when confronted with colonies of other common ant species in Cameroon, a part of its native range, and in Mexico, where it has been introduced. P. megacephala raided the nests of the other ants in both cases. Eleven species out of 12 put up a rather strong resistance to raiding P. megacephala workers in Cameroon compared to only three species out of 11 in Mexico, where only colonies of Solenopsis geminata, Dorymyrmex pyramicus and Dolichoderus bispinosus resisted these raids. We conclude that P. megacephala's heightened ability to successfully raid colonies of competing ants may help explain its success and the decline of native ants in areas where it has been introduced. |
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[Dejean, Alain] CNRS Guyane, UPS 2561, F-97300 Cayenne, France, Email: alain.dejean@wanadoo.fr |
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ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER |
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ISSN |
1631-0691 |
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Notes |
ISI:000258523200008 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
210 |
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Author |
Coutand, C.; Dupraz, C.; Jaouen, G.; Ploquin, S.; Adam, B. |
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Title |
Mechanical stimuli regulate the allocation of biomass in trees: Demonstration with young Prunus avium trees |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Annals of Botany |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann. Bot. |
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Volume |
101 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
1421-1432 |
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Keywords |
Prunus avium; growth; mechanical stress; bending; biomass; shoot/root ratio; wind; shelter |
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Abstract |
Background and Aims Plastic tree-shelters are increasingly used to protect tree seedlings against browsing animals and herbicide drifts. The biomass allocation in young seedlings of deciduous trees is highly disturbed by common plastic tree-shelters, resulting in poor root systems and reduced diameter growth of the trunk. The shelters have been improved by creating chimney-effect ventilation with holes drilled at the bottom, resulting in stimulated trunk diameter growth, but the root deficit has remained unchanged. An experiment was set up to elucidate the mechanisms behind the poor root growth of sheltered Prunus avium trees. Methods Tree seedlings were grown either in natural windy conditions or in tree-shelters. Mechanical wind stimuli were suppressed in ten unsheltered trees by staking. Mechanical stimuli (bending) of the stem were applied in ten sheltered trees using an original mechanical device. Key Results Sheltered trees suffered from poor root growth, but sheltered bent trees largely recovered, showing that mechano-sensing is an important mechanism governing C allocation and the shoot-root balance. The use of a few artificial mechanical stimuli increased the biomass allocation towards the roots, as did natural wind sway. It was demonstrated that there was an acclimation of plants to the imposed strain. Conclusions This study suggests that if mechanical stimuli are used to control plant growth, they should be applied at low frequency in order to be most effective. The impact on the functional equilibrium hypothesis that is used in many tree growth models is discussed. The consequence of the lack of mechanical stimuli should be incorporated in tree growth models when applied to environments protected from the wind (e.g. greenhouses, dense forests). |
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Address |
[Coutand, Catherine; Jaouen, Gaelle; Ploquin, Stephane; Adam, Boris] Univ Clermont Ferrand, INRA, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont Ferrand, France, Email: coutand@clermont.inra.fr |
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OXFORD UNIV PRESS |
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0305-7364 |
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ISI:000255987500013 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
211 |
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Author |
Leroy, C.; Jauneau, A.; Quilichini, A.; Dejean, A.; Orivel, J. |
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Title |
Comparison between the anatomical and morphological structure of leaf blades and foliar domatia in the ant-plant Hirtella physophora (Chrysobalanaceae) |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Annals of Botany |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann. Bot. |
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Volume |
101 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
501-507 |
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Keywords |
anatomy; ant-plant mutualism; Chrysobalanaceae; extra-floral nectaries; French Guiana; Hirtella physophora; secondary domatia |
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Abstract |
Background and Aims Myrmecophytes, or ant-plants, are characterized by their ability to shelter colonies of some ant species in hollow structures, or ant-domatia, that are often formed by hypertrophy of the internal tissue at specific locations (i.e. trunk, branches, thorns and leaf pouches). In Hirtella physophora (Chrysobalanaceae), the focal species of this study, the ant-domatia consist of leaf pouches formed when the leaf rolls over onto itself to create two spheres at the base of the blade. Methods The morphological and anatomical changes through which foliar ant-domatia developed from the laminas are studied for the first time by using fresh and fixed mature leaves from the same H. physophora individuals. Key results Ant-domatia were characterized by larger extra-floral nectaries, longer stomatal apertures and lower stomatal density. The anatomical structure of the domatia differed in the parenchymatous tissue where palisade and spongy parenchyma were indistinct; chloroplast density was lower and lignified sclerenchymal fibres were more numerous compared with the lamina. In addition, the domatia were thicker than the lamina, largely because the parenchymatous and epidermal cells were enlarged. Conclusion Herein, the morphological and anatomical changes that permit foliar ant-domatia to be defined as a specialized leaf structure are highlighted. Similarities as well as structural modifications in the foliar ant-domatia compared with the lamina are discussed from botanical, functional and mutualistic points of view. These results are also important to understanding the reciprocal evolutionary changes in traits and, thus, the coevolutionary processes occurring in insect-plant mutualisms. |
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Address |
[Leroy, Celine; Quilichini, Angelique; Dejean, Alain; Orivel, Jerome] Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, UMR 5174, Lab Evolut & Diversite Biol, F-31062 Toulouse 9, France, Email: orivel@cict.fr |
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OXFORD UNIV PRESS |
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0305-7364 |
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Notes |
ISI:000253489700003 |
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no |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
212 |
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Author |
Dejean, A.; Djieto-Lordon, C.; Orivel, J. |
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Title |
The plant ant Tetraponera aethiops (Pseudomyrmecinae) protects its host myrmecophyte Barteria fistulosa (Passifloraceae) through aggressiveness and predation |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biol. J. Linnean Soc. |
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Volume |
93 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
63-69 |
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Keywords |
ants; plant protection; territorial aggressiveness |
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Abstract |
Plant ants generally provide their host myrmecophytes (i.e. plants that shelter a limited number of ant species in hollow structures) protection from defoliating insects, but the exact nature of this protection is poorly known. It was with this in mind that we studied the association between Tetraponera aethiops F. Smith (Pseudomyrmecinae) and its specific host myrmecophyte Barteria fistulosa Mast. (Passifloraceae). Workers bore entrances into the horizontal hollow branches (domatia) of their host B. fistulosa, near the base of the petiole of the alternate horizontal leaves. They then ambush intruders from the domatia, close to these entrances. After perceiving the vibrations caused when an insect lands on a leaf, they rush to it and sting and generally spreadeagle the insect (only small caterpillars are mastered by single workers). Among the insects likely to defoliate B. fistulosa, adult leaf beetles and large katydids were taken as prey and cut up; single workers then retrieved some pieces, whereas other workers imbibed the prey's haemolymph. Other insects known to defoliate this plant, if unable to escape, were killed and discarded. Small Acrea zetes L. caterpillars were stung and then discarded by single workers; whereas locusts of different sizes were mastered by groups of workers that stung and spreadeagled them before discarding them (although a part of their haemolymph was imbibed). More workers were involved and more time was necessary to master insects taken as prey than those attacked and discarded. Consequently, the protection T. aethiops workers provide to their host B. fistulosa from defoliating insects results from predation, but more often from a type of aggressiveness wherein insects are killed and then discarded. (c) 2008 The Linnean Society of London. |
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[Dejean, Alain] CNRS Guyane, UPS 2561, F-97300 Cayenne, France, Email: alain.dejean@wanadoo.fr |
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BLACKWELL PUBLISHING |
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0024-4066 |
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ISI:000251738300007 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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213 |
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