|
Records |
Links |
|
Author |
Dejean, A.; Lachaud, J.P. |
|
|
Title |
The hunting behavior of the African ponerine ant Pachycondyla pachyderma |
Type |
Journal Article |
|
Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Processes |
|
|
Volume |
86 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
169-173 |
|
|
Keywords |
Hunting behavior; Feeding specialization; Behavioral flexibility; Ponerine ants; Pachycondyla; Myriapoda |
|
|
Abstract |
The hunting behavior of the African ponerine ant Pachycondyla pachyderma, a semi-specialized centipede predator, appears well adapted to this kind of prey and shows a graded complexity according to the difficulty it has in overwhelming prey. Small prey (5-to-8-mm-long termites) were detected by contact and seized by the thorax while larger prey (>= 30-mm-long centipedes) were frequently detected from a distance and seized by the anterior-most part of their body. Termites and 30-mm-long lithobiomorph centipedes were not always stung, whereas stinging and even repeated stinging was needed for 50-mm-long geophilomorphs and scolopendromorphs. Moreover, overwhelming wide and heavy scolopendromorphs, which have better defensive abilities, involved the use of additional behaviors allowing the workers to capture them safely: venom spreading, and a peculiar stinging posture, the “fatal embrace”. Here the workers seize scolopendromorphs by an antenna or by one of their first legs, wrap themselves around the prey while maintaining their grip with their mandibles and legs, and slowly inject venom into the prey's ventral surface. Workers retrieve small prey solitarily while, for large geophilomorphs and scolopendromorphs, nestmates can be recruited at short range or even at long range through tandem running. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
|
|
Address |
[Dejean, Alain] CNRS, Ecol Forets Guyane UMR CNRS 8172, F-97379 Kourou, France, Email: alain.dejean@wanadoo.fr |
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
Elsevier Science Bv |
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
|
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
0376-6357 |
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
|
Notes |
ISI:000287984900001 |
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
Serial |
301 |
|
Permanent link to this record |
|
|
|
|
Author |
Roux, O.; Rossi, V.; Céréghino, R.; Compin, A.; Martin, J.-M.; Dejean, A. |
|
|
Title |
How to coexist with fire ants: The roles of behaviour and cuticular compounds |
Type |
Journal Article |
|
Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
|
|
Volume |
98 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
51-57 |
|
|
Keywords |
Aggressiveness; Cuticular hydrocarbons; Dear enemy phenomenon; Nasty neighbour effect; Species coexistence; Supercoloniality |
|
|
Abstract |
Because territoriality is energetically costly, territorial animals frequently respond less aggressively to neighbours than to strangers, a reaction known as the “dear enemy phenomenon” (DEP). The contrary, the “nasty neighbour effect” (NNE), occurs mainly for group-living species defending resource-based territories. We studied the relationships between supercolonies of the pest fire ant Solenopsis saevissima and eight ant species able to live in the vicinity of its nests plus Eciton burchellii, an army ant predator of other ants. The workers from all of the eight ant species behaved submissively when confronted with S. saevissima (dominant) individuals, whereas the contrary was never true. Yet, S. saevissima were submissive towards E. burchellii workers. Both DEP and NNE were observed for the eight ant species, with submissive behaviours less frequent in the case of DEP. To distinguish what is due to chemical cues from what can be attributed to behaviour, we extracted cuticular compounds from all of the nine ant species compared and transferred them onto a number of S. saevissima workers that were then confronted with untreated conspecifics. The cuticular compounds from three species, particularly E. burchellii, triggered greater aggressiveness by S. saevissima workers, while those from the other species did not. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. |
|
|
Address |
Université de Toulouse, UPS, Ecolab, 31062 Toulouse, France |
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
|
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
|
Notes |
Export Date: 1 July 2013; Source: Scopus |
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
Serial |
494 |
|
Permanent link to this record |
|
|
|
|
Author |
Dejean, A.; Rodríguez-Pérez, H.; Carpenter, J.M.; Azémar, F.; Corbara, B. |
|
|
Title |
The predatory behavior of the Neotropical social wasp Polybia rejecta |
Type |
Journal Article |
|
Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
|
|
Volume |
140 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
161-168 |
|
|
Keywords |
Epiponine wasps; Polistinae; Predation; Prey selection; Recruitment; Vespidae |
|
|
Abstract |
Abstract We experimentally studied the predatory behavior of Polybia rejecta (Vespidae, Polistinae, Epiponini) towards 2–88 mm-long insects attracted to a UV light trap. Foragers, which began to hunt at 6:30, selected 4–14 mm-long prey insects. Prey detection by sight by hovering wasps was confirmed using decoys. After the wasps landed and walked along a sinuous path, prey were detected by contact or from a distance (1–3 cm). This was followed by seizure, stinging (contrarily to most other known cases), prey manipulation and retrieval. Prey that flew off might be caught in flight. The prey load, representing 30.7% of a forager’s weight, was optimized by capturing up to six small prey or two medium-sized prey successively (both of which might be consumed in situ). The foragers cut off the wings of larger prey or cut them into two pieces and returned to gather the second piece. The handling time increased exponentially with the weight of the prey. Partial loading (i.e., retrieving a load much inferior to the maximum possible) was likely related to social facilitation, a form of nest-based recruitment that was demonstrated through the experimental elimination of local enhancement by removing foragers (both mechanisms favor the exploitation of favorable patches). |
|
|
Address |
|
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
|
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
0376-6357 |
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
|
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
Serial |
751 |
|
Permanent link to this record |
|
|
|
|
Author |
Robillard, T.; ter Hofstede, H.M.; Orivel, J.; Vicente, N.M. |
|
|
Title |
Bioacoustics of the Neotropical Eneopterinae (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Gryllidae) |
Type |
Journal Article |
|
Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Bioacoustics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Bioacoustics |
|
|
Volume |
24 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
123-143 |
|
|
Keywords |
|
|
|
Abstract |
In members of the cricket subfamily Eneopterinae (Orthoptera, Grylloidea), songs with powerful high-frequency (HF) harmonics have evolved, which likely represents a distinctive acoustic adaptation. In this study, we analysed or reanalysed the songs of the three eneopterine genera present in the Neotropics to evaluate whether they also possess high-amplitude HF components. We present new data and combine several lines of evidence to interpret or reinterpret the calling signals of a representative species for each genus. We used new recordings in order to detect and analyse potential HF components of the songs. Stridulatory files were measured, and stridulation was studied using high-speed video recordings. The results suggest that all eneopterine genera from the Neotropics use HFs to communicate, based on the rich harmonic content of their songs. Strikingly, the Neotropical eneopterines possess high dominant frequencies, recalling the patterns observed in the tribe Lebinthini, the most speciose tribe of the subfamily distributed in the Western Pacific region and in Southeast Asia: Ligypterus and Ponca show dominant harmonic peaks, whereas Eneoptera possesses unique features. The three species under study, however, deal differently with HFs. |
|
|
Address |
|
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
Taylor & Francis |
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
|
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
0952-4622 |
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
|
Notes |
doi: 10.1080/09524622.2014.996915 |
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
Serial |
651 |
|
Permanent link to this record |
|
|
|
|
Author |
Nixon, Samantha A. ; Robinson, Samuel D. ; Agwa, Akello, J. ; Walker, Andrew A. ; Choudhay, Shivani ; Touchard, Axel ; Undheim, Eivind A.B. ; Robertson, Alan ; Vetter, Irina ; Schroeder, Christina I. ; Kotze, Andrew C. ; Herzig, Volker ; King, Glenn F. |
|
|
Title |
Multipurpose peptides: The venoms of Amazonian stinging ants contain anthelmintic ponericins with diverse predatory and defensive activities |
Type |
Journal Article |
|
Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Biochemical Pharmacology |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
|
|
Volume |
192 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
114693 |
|
|
Keywords |
|
|
|
Abstract |
In the face of increasing drug resistance, the development of new anthelmintics is critical for controlling nematodes that parasitise livestock. Although hymenopteran venom toxins have attracted attention for applications in agriculture and medicine, few studies have explored their potential as anthelmintics. Here we assessed hymenopteran venoms as a possible source of new anthelmintic compounds by screening a panel of ten hymenopteran venoms against Haemonchus contortus, a major pathogenic nematode of ruminants. Using bioassay-guided fractionation coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we identified four novel anthelmintic peptides (ponericins) from the venom of the neotropical ant Neoponera commutata and the previously described ponericin M−PONTX−Na1b from Neoponera apicalis venom. These peptides inhibit H. contortus development with IC50 values of 2.8–5.6 μM. Circular dichroism spectropolarimetry indicated that the ponericins are unstructured in aqueous solution but adopt α-helical conformations in lipid mimetic environments. We show that the ponericins induce non-specific membrane perturbation, which confers broad-spectrum antimicrobial, insecticidal, cytotoxic, hemolytic, and algogenic activities, with activity across all assays typically correlated. We also show for the first time that ponericins induce spontaneous pain behaviour when injected in mice. We propose that the broad-spectrum activity of the ponericins enables them to play both a predatory and defensive role in neoponeran ants, consistent with their high abundance in venom. This study reveals a broader functionality for ponericins than previously assumed, and highlights both the opportunities and challenges in pursuing ant venom peptides as potential therapeutics. |
|
|
Address |
|
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
Elsevier |
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
|
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
|
Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
Serial |
1031 |
|
Permanent link to this record |
|
|
|
|
Author |
Touchard, A.; Brust, A.; Cardoso, F.C.; Chin, Y.K.-Y.; Herzig, V.; Jin, A.-H.; Dejean, A.; Alewood, P.F.; King, G.F.; Orivel, J.; Escoubas, P. |
|
|
Title |
Isolation and characterization of a structurally unique β-hairpin venom peptide from the predatory ant Anochetus emarginatus |
Type |
Journal Article |
|
Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta – General Subjects |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta – General Subjects |
|
|
Volume |
1860 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
2553-2562 |
|
|
Keywords |
Anochetus; Ant venom; Disulfide-rich peptides; L-type calcium channels; Neurotoxin; Poneritoxins; U1-PONTX-Ae1a |
|
|
Abstract |
Background Most ant venoms consist predominantly of small linear peptides, although some contain disulfide-linked peptides as minor components. However, in striking contrast to other ant species, some Anochetus venoms are composed primarily of disulfide-rich peptides. In this study, we investigated the venom of the ant Anochetus emarginatus with the aim of exploring these novel disulfide-rich peptides. Methods The venom peptidome was initially investigated using a combination of reversed-phase HPLC and mass spectrometry, then the amino acid sequences of the major peptides were determined using a combination of Edman degradation and de novo MS/MS sequencing. We focused on one of these peptides, U1-PONTX-Ae1a (Ae1a), because of its novel sequence, which we predicted would form a novel 3D fold. Ae1a was chemically synthesized using Fmoc chemistry and its 3D structure was elucidated using NMR spectroscopy. The peptide was then tested for insecticidal activity and its effect on a range of human ion channels. Results Seven peptides named poneritoxins (PONTXs) were isolated and sequenced. The three-dimensional structure of synthetic Ae1a revealed a novel, compact scaffold in which a C-terminal β-hairpin is connected to the N-terminal region via two disulfide bonds. Synthetic Ae1a reversibly paralyzed blowflies and inhibited human L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (CaV1). Conclusions Poneritoxins from Anochetus emarginatus venom are a novel class of toxins that are structurally unique among animal venoms. General significance This study demonstrates that Anochetus ant venoms are a rich source of novel ion channel modulating peptides, some of which might be useful leads for the development of biopesticides. © 2016 |
|
|
Address |
VenomeTech, 473 Route des Dolines, Valbonne, France |
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
|
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
|
Notes |
Export Date: 15 September 2016 |
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
Serial |
694 |
|
Permanent link to this record |
|
|
|
|
Author |
Herault, B.; Thoen, D. |
|
|
Title |
Diversity of plant assemblages in isolated depressional wetlands from Central-Western Europe |
Type |
Journal Article |
|
Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Biodiversity and Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biodivers. Conserv. |
|
|
Volume |
17 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
2169-2183 |
|
|
Keywords |
closed depressions; connectivity; fens; forest; grassland; habitat area; landscape matrix |
|
|
Abstract |
A closed depression is defined as a geomorphologic element where a sediment depository is encircled by hillslopes. Despite the fact that closed depressions are often the only stagnant water points in many European landscapes, few ecological researches on their plant assemblages have been done. The main goal of this study was to give first results of the environmental factors responsible for the vegetation composition, richness and rarity in the closed depressions of the Lorraine biogeographical district (Belgium, France and grand-duche de Luxembourg). We surveyed for plant presence 85 forest and 77 grassland closed depressions. For each site, wetland area, local environmental factors and regional connectivities registered. For each species, the Ellenberg values were compiled. To investigate the main source of variation in species composition and in species richness (including richness in rare species), Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling analyses and Generalized Linear Models were respectively used. Species pools in forest (forest and preforest species) and in grassland (bog plants, pioneers, helophytes) were quite different. In both landscapes, a gradient from plants typical of basic high-productive soils to plants typical of acid low-productive soils reflects a shared successional gradient. The accumulation of organic matter allowed the establishment of Sphagnum spp., which slowly acidified the soil and thus acted as ecosystem engineers for the arrival of bog plants. Moreover, the species composition was additionally driven by the plant light tolerance in forests and by the plant water requirements in grasslands. Mechanisms of species accumulation (increase in species richness) were different in forests and in grasslands: respectively related to the plant light tolerance and to the wetland area. At the regional level, the averaged soil productivity was negatively related to the richness in rare species. Indeed, perennial highly-competitive plants such as Glyceria spp., Iris pseudacorus or Urtica dioica impeded the establishment of smaller and rarer species. At the habitat level, isolated closed depressions (due to either low connectivity or low grazing pressure) have more habitat rare species, giving evidences of dispersal limitation in plant assemblages of closed depressions. |
|
|
Address |
[Herault, Bruno] Inst Bot, Ctr Ecol Vegetale & Hydrol, F-67083 Strasbourg, France, Email: bruno.herault@cirad.fr |
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
SPRINGER |
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
|
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
0960-3115 |
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
|
Notes |
ISI:000257486400008 |
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
135 |
|
Permanent link to this record |
|
|
|
|
Author |
Sist, P.; Brown, N. |
|
|
Title |
Silvicultural intensification for tropical forest conservation: a response to Fredericksen and Putz |
Type |
Journal Article |
|
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Biodiversity and Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
|
|
|
Volume |
13 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
2381-2385 |
|
|
Keywords |
|
|
|
Abstract |
|
|
|
Address |
|
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
|
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
0960-3115 |
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
|
Notes |
WOS:000225691300011 |
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
Serial |
308 |
|
Permanent link to this record |
|
|
|
|
Author |
Guitet, S.; Pélissier, R.; Brunaux, O.; Jaouen, G.; Sabatier, D. |
|
|
Title |
Geomorphological landscape features explain floristic patterns in French Guiana rainforest |
Type |
Journal Article |
|
Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Biodiversity and Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biodiversity and Conservation |
|
|
Volume |
24 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1215-1237 |
|
|
Keywords |
Geodiversity; Geomorphology; Landscapes; Species distribution; Tree community |
|
|
Abstract |
Geomorphic landscape features have been suggested as indicators of forest diversity. However, their explanatory power has not yet been explicitly tested at a regional scale in tropical rainforest. We used forest inventories conducted according to a stratified sampling design (3,132 plots in 111 transects at 33 sites) and holistic multi-scale geomorphological mapping derived from a Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model to describe and explain spatial patterns in floristic composition across French Guiana (80,000 km2). We measured and identified 123,906 trees with DBH ≥20 cm and used constrained and unconstrained ordinations to analyze variations in the abundance of 221 taxa and 51 families. Variance partitioning and variograms were used to detect spatial patterns in species composition, compare the explanatory power of spatial and environmental factors, and select the variables that best explain forest composition. Strong floristic patterns corresponded to a major latitudinal gradient and significant sub-regional floristic structure. Geomorphological landscapes shaped by historic climate fluctuations and major geological events successfully captured these patterns and explained the variation in abundance of 80 taxa, corresponding to 65 % of the inventoried trees. Our findings suggest that long-term forest dynamics are under substantial “geomorphographic control”. A geomorphological perspective on landscapes that incorporates current and past environmental filters and historical biogeographical processes could thus be used more systematically in tropical regions for regional planning and forest conservation. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. |
|
|
Address |
UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Campus agronomique, Guyane Française, BP 316, Kourou, France |
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
|
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
|
Notes |
Export Date: 8 September 2015 |
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
Serial |
620 |
|
Permanent link to this record |
|
|
|
|
Author |
Rivalland, C.; Madhkour, S.; Salvin, P.; Robert, F. |
|
|
Title |
Electrochemical and microbial monitoring of multi-generational electroactive biofilms formed from mangrove sediment |
Type |
Journal Article |
|
Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Bioelectrochemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
Bioelectrochemistry |
|
|
Volume |
106 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
125-132 |
|
|
Keywords |
Dissimilarity; High-throughput sequencing; Mes; Microbial diversity; Syntrophism |
|
|
Abstract |
Electroactive biofilms were formed from French Guiana mangrove sediments for the analysis of bacterial communities' composition. The electrochemical monitoring of three biofilm generations revealed that the bacterial selection occurring at the anode, supposedly leading microbial electrochemical systems (MESs) to be more efficient, was not the only parameter to be taken into account so as to get the best electrical performance (maximum current density). Indeed, first biofilm generations produced a stable current density reaching about 18A/m2 while second and third generations produced current densities of about 10A/m2. MES bacterial consortia were characterized thanks to molecular biology techniques: DGGE and MiSeq® sequencing (Illumina®). High-throughput sequencing data statistical analysis confirmed preliminary DGGE data analysis, showing strong similarities between electroactive biofilms of second and third generations, but also revealing both selection and stabilization of the biofilms. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. |
|
|
Address |
Laboratoire des Matériaux et Molécules en Milieu Amazonien, UAG-UMR EcoFoG, 2091 route de Baduel, Campus TrouBiran, Cayenne, Guyane Française, France |
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
|
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
|
Language |
|
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
|
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
|
Notes |
Export Date: 11 September 2015 |
Approved |
no |
|
|
Call Number |
EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
Serial |
622 |
|
Permanent link to this record |