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Luyssaert, S.; Inglima, I.; Jung, M.; Richardson, A.D.; Reichsteins, M.; Papale, D.; Piao, S.L.; Schulzes, E.D.; Wingate, L.; Matteucci, G.; Aragao, L.; Aubinet, M.; Beers, C.; Bernhoffer, C.; Black, K.G.; Bonal, D.; Bonnefond, J.M.; Chambers, J.; Ciais, P.; Cook, B.; Davis, K.J.; Dolman, A.J.; Gielen, B.; Goulden, M.; Grace, J.; Granier, A.; Grelle, A.; Griffis, T.; Grunwald, T.; Guidolotti, G.; Hanson, P.J.; Harding, R.; Hollinger, D.Y.; Hutyra, L.R.; Kolar, P.; Kruijt, B.; Kutsch, W.; Lagergren, F.; Laurila, T.; Law, B.E.; Le Maire, G.; Lindroth, A.; Loustau, D.; Malhi, Y.; Mateus, J.; Migliavacca, M.; Misson, L.; Montagnani, L.; Moncrieff, J.; Moors, E.; Munger, J.W.; Nikinmaa, E.; Ollinger, S.V.; Pita, G.; Rebmann, C.; Roupsard, O.; Saigusa, N.; Sanz, M.J.; Seufert, G.; Sierra, C.; Smith, M.L.; Tang, J.; Valentini, R.; Vesala, T.; Janssens, I.A. |
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Title |
CO2 balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Global Change Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Glob. Change Biol. |
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Volume |
13 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
2509-2537 |
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Keywords |
carbon cycle; CO2; forest ecosystems; global database; gross primary productivity; net ecosystem productivity; net primary productivity |
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Abstract |
Terrestrial ecosystems sequester 2.1 Pg of atmospheric carbon annually. A large amount of the terrestrial sink is realized by forests. However, considerable uncertainties remain regarding the fate of this carbon over both short and long timescales. Relevant data to address these uncertainties are being collected at many sites around the world, but syntheses of these data are still sparse. To facilitate future synthesis activities, we have assembled a comprehensive global database for forest ecosystems, which includes carbon budget variables (fluxes and stocks), ecosystem traits (e.g. leaf area index, age), as well as ancillary site information such as management regime, climate, and soil characteristics. This publicly available database can be used to quantify global, regional or biome-specific carbon budgets; to re-examine established relationships; to test emerging hypotheses about ecosystem functioning [e.g. a constant net ecosystem production (NEP) to gross primary production (GPP) ratio]; and as benchmarks for model evaluations. In this paper, we present the first analysis of this database. We discuss the climatic influences on GPP, net primary production (NPP) and NEP and present the CO2 balances for boreal, temperate, and tropical forest biomes based on micrometeorological, ecophysiological, and biometric flux and inventory estimates. Globally, GPP of forests benefited from higher temperatures and precipitation whereas NPP saturated above either a threshold of 1500 mm precipitation or a mean annual temperature of 10 degrees C. The global pattern in NEP was insensitive to climate and is hypothesized to be mainly determined by nonclimatic conditions such as successional stage, management, site history, and site disturbance. In all biomes, closing the CO2 balance required the introduction of substantial biome-specific closure terms. Nonclosure was taken as an indication that respiratory processes, advection, and non-CO2 carbon fluxes are not presently being adequately accounted for. |
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Univ Antwerp, Dept Biol, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium, Email: Sebastiaan.Luyssaert@ua.ac.be |
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BLACKWELL PUBLISHING |
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ISSN |
1354-1013 |
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ISI:000251049000004 |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
151 |
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Author |
Almeras, T.; Gril, J. |
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Title |
Mechanical analysis of the strains generated by water tension in plant stems. Part 1: stress transmission from the water to the cell walls |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Tree Physiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Tree Physiol. |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
1505-1516 |
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Keywords |
biomechanics; cell mechanics; diurnal strains; mechanical model; multilayer cylinder; stress transtnissionjactor |
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Abstract |
Plant tissues shrink and swell in response to changes in water pressure. These strains can be easily measured, e.g., at the surface of tree stems, to obtain indirect information about plant water status and other physiological parameters. We developed a mechanical model to clarify how water pressure is transmitted to cell walls and causes shrinkage of plant tissues, particularly in the case of thick-walled cells such as wood fibers. Our analysis shows that the stress inside the fiber cell walls is lower than the water tension. The difference is accounted for by a stress transmission factor that depends on two main effects. The first effect is the dilution of the stress through the cell wall, because water acts at the lumen border and is transmitted to the cuter border of the cell, which has a larger circumference. The second effect is the partial conversion of radial stress into tangential stress. Both effects are quantified as functions of parameters of the cell wall structure and its mechanical properties. |
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Address |
INRA, UMR Ecofog, F-97379 Kourou, French Guiana, France, Email: t_almeras@hotmail.com |
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Publisher |
HERON PUBLISHING |
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0829-318X |
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ISI:000250847000001 |
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no |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
152 |
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Author |
LaPierre, L.; Hespenheide, H.; Dejean, A. |
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Title |
Wasps robbing food from ants: a frequent behavior? |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Naturwissenschaften |
Abbreviated Journal |
Naturwissenschaften |
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Volume |
94 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
997-1001 |
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Keywords |
cleptobiosis; social wasps; charterginus; polybioides; plant-ants |
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Abstract |
Food robbing, or cleptobiosis, has been well documented throughout the animal kingdom. For insects, intrafamilial food robbing is known among ants, but social wasps (Vespidae; Polistinae) taking food from ants has, to the best of our knowledge, never been reported. In this paper, we present two cases involving social wasps robbing food from ants associated with myrmecophytes. (1) Polybioides tabida F. (Ropalidiini) rob pieces of prey from Tetraponera aethiops Smith (Formicidae; Pseudomyrmecinae) specifically associated with Barteria fistulosa Mast. (Passifloraceae). (2) Charterginus spp. (Epiponini) rob food bodies from myrmecophytic Cecropia (Cecropiaceae) exploited by their Azteca mutualists (Formicidae; Dolichoderinae) or by opportunistic ants (that also attack cleptobiotic wasps). We note here that wasps gather food bodies (1) when ants are not yet active; (2) when ants are active, but avoiding any contact with them by flying off when attacked; and (3) through the coordinated efforts of two to five wasps, wherein one of them prevents the ants from leaving their nest, while the other wasps freely gather the food bodies. We suggest that these interactions are more common than previously thought. |
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Address |
CNRS Guyane, UPS2561, UMR5174, F-97300 Cayenne, France, Email: llapierre@lowercolumbia.edu |
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SPRINGER |
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ISSN |
0028-1042 |
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Notes |
ISI:000250980800006 |
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no |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
153 |
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Author |
Schimann, H.; Joffre, R.; Roggy, J.C.; Lensi, R.; Domenach, A.M. |
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Title |
Evaluation of the recovery of microbial functions during soil restoration using near-infrared spectroscopy |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Applied Soil Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Soil Ecol. |
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Volume |
37 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
223-232 |
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Keywords |
NIRS; microbial activities; respiration; denitrification; carbon; nitrogen; soil functioning; restoration |
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Abstract |
Microbial-based indicators, such as C and N contents or microbial functions involved in C and N cycles, are currently used to describe the status of soils in disturbed areas. Microbial functions are more accurate indicators but their measurement for studies at the ecosystem level remains problematical because of the huge spatial variability of these processes and, consequently, of the large number of soil samples which must be analyzed. Our goal was to test the capacity of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict respiration and denitrification but also carbon and nitrogen contents of soils submitted to various procedures of restoration. To achieve this objective, we took advantage of an experiment conducted on a reforestation system established after open-cast gold mining in French Guiana. In this experimental station, plantations of various ages and various soil textures were at our disposal. Our results showed that both plantations and soil texture had a strong impact on the recovery of soil functioning: carbon and nitrogen contents, respiration and denitrification increased with age of plantation and clay content. Calibrations were performed between spectral data and microbial-based indicators using partial least squares regression (PLS). The results showed that C and N contents were accurately predicted. Microbial functions were less precisely predicted with results more accurate on clayey soils than on sandy soils. In clayey soils, perturbed or restored soils and the year of plantation were discriminated very efficiently through principal component analyses of spectral signatures (over 80% of variance explained on the first two axes). Near-infrared spectroscopy may thus be extended to the prediction of functional soil parameters, but the capacity of this method must be strengthened by expending the databases with other soils in other contexts. The possibility of using NIRS provides many opportunities for understanding both the temporal dynamics and the spatial variability of the recovery of key microbial functions during soil restoration. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
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Address |
UMR EcoFoG, Kourou 97387, French Guiana, Email: heidy.schimann@cirad.fr |
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ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV |
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0929-1393 |
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Notes |
ISI:000250668000006 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
154 |
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Author |
Fang, C.H.; Clair, B.; Gril, J.; Almeras, T. |
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Title |
Transverse shrinkage in G-fibers as a function of cell wall layering and growth strain |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Wood Science and Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Wood Sci. Technol. |
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Volume |
41 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
659-671 |
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Abstract |
Transverse drying shrinkage was measured at microscopic and mesoscopic levels in poplar wood characterised by an increasing growth strain (GS), from normal to tension wood. Results show that: (a) the drying shrinkage, measured as a relative thickness decrease, was significantly higher for G-layer (GL) than for the other layers (OL), GL shrinkage was not significantly correlated with GS, and OL shrinkage was negatively correlated with GS. (b) In gelatinous fibre (G-fibre), lumen size increased during drying and this increase was positively related with GS, but in normal wood fibre, lumen size decreased during drying. These findings suggest that GL shrank outwards (i.e., its internal perimeter increases), so that its shrinkage weakly affected the total cell shrinkage and the mesoscopic shrinkage was controlled by the OL shrinkage which shrank inwards (i.e., its external perimeter decreases). (c) Measurements done on 7 x 7 mm(2) thin sections evidenced a negative correlation between transverse shrinkage and GS, significant in T direction but weak in R direction. These observations at both levels allow to discuss the contribution of GL to the mesoscopic shrinkage of tension wood. |
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Address |
Univ Montpellier 2, Lab Mech & Gene Civil, F-34095 Montpellier, France, Email: fang1979@gmail.com |
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SPRINGER |
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ISSN |
0043-7719 |
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Notes |
ISI:000250381500003 |
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no |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
155 |
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Author |
Christensen-Dalsgaard, K.K.; Fournier, M.; Ennos, A.R.; Barfod, A.S. |
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Title |
Changes in vessel anatomy in response to mechanical loading in six species of tropical trees |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
New Phytologist |
Abbreviated Journal |
New Phytol. |
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Volume |
176 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
610-622 |
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Keywords |
hydraulic architecture; hydraulic-mechanical trade-off; mechanical adaptation; rooting morphology; tropical trees; vascular anatomy |
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Abstract |
It is well known that trees adapt their supportive tissues to changes in loading conditions, yet little is known about how the vascular anatomy is modified in this process. We investigated this by comparing more and less mechanically loaded sections in six species of tropical trees with two different rooting morphologies. We measured the strain, vessel size, frequency and area fraction and from this calculated the specific conductivity, then measured the conductivity, modulus of elasticity and yield stress. The smallest vessels and the lowest vessel frequency were found in the parts of the trees subjected to the greatest stresses or strains. The specific conductivity varied up to two orders of magnitude between mechanically loaded and mechanically unimportant parts of the root system. A trade-off between conductivity and stiffness or strength was revealed, which suggests that anatomical alterations occur in response to mechanical strain. By contrast, between-tree comparisons showed that average anatomical features for the whole tree seemed more closely related to their ecological strategy. |
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Address |
Univ Manchester, Fac Life Sci, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England, Email: karen@cd-mail.dk |
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BLACKWELL PUBLISHING |
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0028-646X |
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Notes |
ISI:000250275000013 |
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no |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
156 |
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Author |
Sierra, J.; Daudin, D.; Domenach, A.M.; Nygren, P.; Desfontaines, L. |
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Title |
Nitrogen transfer from a legume tree to the associated grass estimated by the isotopic signature of tree root exudates: A comparison of the N-15 leaf feeding and natural N-15 abundance methods |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
European Journal of Agronomy |
Abbreviated Journal |
Eur. J. Agron. |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
2-4 |
Pages |
178-186 |
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Keywords |
agroforestry; box model; gliricidia sepium; N-15 fractionation; root turnover; tree pruning |
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Abstract |
Nitrogen (N) transfer from legume trees to associated crops is a key factor for the N economy of low-input agroforestry systems. In this work, we presented a new approach to estimate N transfer based on the N-15 content of root exudates and N released by root turnover of the donor plant (Gliricidia sepium) and the temporal change of the N-15 content of the receiver plant (Dichanthium aristatum). The study was carried out in greenhouse using two isotopic methods: N-15 leaf feeding (LF) and the natural N-15 abundance (NA). Measurements of exudate N-15 were made at several dates before and after tree pruning. A time-dependent box model was devised to quantify N transfer in time and to make comparisons between the isotopic methods. In NA, although tree roots and exudates presented a similar N-15 signature before tree pruning, exudates were strongly depleted in N-15 after pruning. In LF, exudates were always depleted in N-15 in relation to tree roots. Hence, the current assumption used in N transfer studies concerning the equal N-15/N-14 distribution in tissues of the donor plant and in its excreted N was not confirmed in our study. Before pruning, N transfer functioned as a two-N-source system (soil N and exudates N) and both isotopic methods provided similar estimates: 11-12% for LF and 10-15% for NA. Calculations per-formed with the model indicated that N transfer occurred with small or nil fractionation of N-15 in exudates. After pruning, there was a third N source associated with N released from tree root turnover. During this period, the isotopic signature of the receiver plant showed a transient state due to the progressive decrease of N-15 content of that N source. The amount of N derived from the tree represented 65% of the total N content of the. grass at the end of the experiments. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
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Address |
INRA, Unite Agropedioclimat, UR135, Petit Bourg 97170, Guadeloupe, Email: jorge.sierra@antilles.inra.fr |
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ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV |
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ISSN |
1161-0301 |
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Notes |
ISI:000249798900003 |
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no |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
157 |
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Author |
Ollivier, M.; Baraloto, C.; Marcon, E. |
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Title |
A trait database for Guianan rain forest trees permits intra- and inter-specific contrasts |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Annals of Forest Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann. For. Sci. |
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Volume |
64 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
781-786 |
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Keywords |
plant traits; tropical forest; French Guiana; functional groups; plasticity; ontogeny |
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Abstract |
We present a plant trait database covering autecology for rain forest trees of French Guiana. The database comprises more than thirty traits including autecology (e. g., habitat associations and reproductive phenology), wood structure (e. g., density and tension characteristics) and physiology at the whole plant (e. g., carbon and nitrogen isotopes) and leaf level (e. g., specific leaf area, photosynthetic capacity). The current database describes traits for about nine hundred species from three hundred genera in one hundred families. For more than sixty species, data on twelve morphological and ecophysiological traits are provided for individual plants under different environmental conditions and at different ontogenetic stages. The database is thus unique in permitting intraspecific analyses, such as the effects of ontogenetic stages or environmental conditions on trait values and their relationships. |
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Address |
INRA, Unit Mixte Rech Ecol Forets Guyane, Kourou, France, Email: baraloto.c@kourou.cirad.fr |
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EDP SCIENCES S A |
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1286-4560 |
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Notes |
ISI:000250097700011 |
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no |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
158 |
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Author |
Baraloto, C.; Forget, P.M. |
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Title |
Seed size, seedling morphology, and response to deep shade and damage in neotropical rain forest trees |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
American Journal of Botany |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Bot. |
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Volume |
94 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
901-911 |
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Keywords |
cotyledons; French Guiana; functional morphology; herbivory; life history; phylogeny; regeneration strategy; shade tolerance |
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Abstract |
To investigate the existence of coordinated sets of seedling traits adapted to contrasting establishment conditions, we examined evolutionary convergence in seedling traits for 299 French Guianan woody plant species and the stress response in a shadehouse of species representing seed size gradients within five major cotyledon morphology types. The French Guianan woody plant community has larger seeds than other tropical forest communities and the largest proportion of hypogeal cotyledon type (59.2%) reported for tropical forests. Yet the community includes many species with intermediate size seeds that produce seedlings with different cotyledonal morphologies. A split-plot factorial design with two light levels (0.8% and 16.1% PAR) and four damage treatments (control, seed damage, leaf damage, stem damage) was used in the shadehouse experiment. Although larger-seeded species had higher survival and slower growth, these patterns were better explained by cotyledon type than by seed mass. Even larger-seeded species with foliar cotyledons grew faster than species with reserve-type cotyledons, and survival after stem grazing was five times higher in seedlings with hypogeal cotyledons than with epigeal cotyledons. Thus, to predict seedling performance using seed size, seedling morphology must also be considered. |
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Address |
Inst Natl Rech Agronom, UMR, Ecol Forets Guyane, Kourou, France, Email: baraloto.c@kourou.cirad.fr |
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Publisher |
BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC |
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ISSN |
0002-9122 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
ISI:000249830600001 |
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no |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
159 |
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Author |
Ruelle, J.; Beauchene, J.; Thibaut, A.; Thibaut, B. |
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Title |
Comparison of physical and mechanical properties of tension and opposite wood from ten tropical rainforest trees from different species |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Annals of Forest Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann. For. Sci. |
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Volume |
64 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
503-510 |
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Keywords |
tension wood; opposite wood; tropical rainforest; physical and mechanical properties |
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Abstract |
On 10 trees from 10 species of French Guyana tropical rainforest in a clear active process of restoring verticality growth strains were measured in situ in order to determine the occurrence of tension wood within samples. Wood specimens were cut in the vicinity of the growth strains measurements in order to measure some mechanical and physical properties. As suspected, tensile growth strains was very much higher in tension wood zone, because longitudinal modulus of elasticity was slightly higher. Longitudinal shrinkage was also much higher in tension wood than in opposite wood. |
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UMR EcoFoG, Kourou 97387, Guyana, Email: ruelle@nuagr1.agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp |
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EDP SCIENCES S A |
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1286-4560 |
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ISI:000248098600003 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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160 |
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