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Salvin, P.; Ondel, O.; Roos, C.; Robert, F. |
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Energy harvest with mangrove benthic microbial fuel cells |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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International Journal of Energy Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Int J Energy Res |
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39 |
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4 |
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543-556 |
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Balancing circuit; Benthic microbial fuel cell; Efficiency; Energy harvesting |
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Benthic microbial fuel cells (BMFCs) are continuous electricity generators using electroactive microorganisms and organic matter from aquatic environment, respectively, as catalysts and substrate. In this paper, first a low-cost PVC-made structure is constructed to harvest electricity from mangrove environment located in French Guiana. An in situ BMFC has given power density of 30mW/m2 of the anodic surface area. This performance has been confirmed by experience in laboratory where inter-electrode distance and electrode surface area appeared to be power increasing factors. However, the output power of one BMFC is not used to supply real devices such as autonomous sensors. Second, to meet this expectation, in parallel and in series associations were considered. These associations were made in order to increase the output voltage and consequently the power, to reach levels that can supply small sensors (about 3V). Finally, to improve the performance of the series association and to avoid the voltage reversal phenomenon, a voltage balancing circuit was simulated and added to the series connections. With balancing method, the cell voltage of BMFCs can be equalized, and the performances can be improved. This allows an optimal energy harvesting and a better global efficiency of the set. |
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Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne; CNRS, UMR 5005, Laboratoire Ampère, 43, Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918Villeurbanne, France |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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586 |
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Baraloto, C.; Alverga, P.; Quispe, S.B.; Barnes, G.; Chura, N.B.; Da Silva, I.B.; Castro, W.; Da Souza, H.; De Souza Moll, I.; Del Alcazar Chilo, J.; Linares, H.D.; Quispe, J.G.; Kenji, D.; Medeiros, H.; Murphy, S.; Rockwell, C.A.; Shenkin, A.; Silveira, M.; Southworth, J.; Vasquez, G.; Perz, S. |
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Trade-offs among forest value components in community forests of southwestern Amazonia |
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2014 |
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Ecology and Society |
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Ecology and Society |
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19 |
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4 |
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56 |
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Açai; Biodiversity conservation; Brazil nut; Carbon stocks; Livelihood; Ntfp; Redd; Rubber; Timber; Tropical rainforest |
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Contemporary conservation interventions must balance potential trade-offs between multiple ecosystem services. In tropical forests, much attention has focused on the extent to which carbon-based conservation provided by REDD+ policies can also mitigate biodiversity conservation. In the nearly one-third of tropical forests that are community owned or managed, conservation strategies must also balance the multiple uses of forest products that support local livelihoods. Although much discussion has focused on policy options, little empirical evidence exists to evaluate the potential for trade-offs among different tropical forest value components. We assessed multiple components of forest value, including tree diversity, carbon stocks, and both timber and nontimber forest product resources, in forest communities across the trinational frontier of Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia. We installed 69 0.5-ha vegetation plots in local communities, and we characterized 15 components of forest value for each plot. Principal components analyses revealed two major axes of forest value, the first of which defined a trade-off between diversity of woody plant communities (taxonomic and functional) versus aboveground biomass and standing timber volume. The second axis described abundance of commercial species, with strong positive loadings for density of timber and nontimber forest products, including Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) and copaiba oil (Copaifera spp.). The observed trade-off between different components of forest value suggests a potential for management conflicts prioritizing biodiversity conservation versus carbon stocks in the region. We discuss the potential for integrative indices of forest value for tropical forest conservation. |
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Department of Sociology and Criminology and Law, University of Florida, United States |
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589 |
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Le Guen, R.; Corbara, B.; Rossi, V.; Azémar, F.; Dejean, A. |
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Reciprocal protection from natural enemies in an ant-wasp association |
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2015 |
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Comptes Rendus – Biologies |
Abbreviated Journal |
Comptes Rendus – Biologies |
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338 |
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4 |
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255-259 |
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Aggressiveness; Arboreal ants; Azteca; Polybia; Protection mutualism; Social wasps |
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Abstract We show that in French Guiana the large carton nests of Azteca chartifex, a territorially-dominant arboreal dolichoderine ant, are protected from bird attacks when this ant lives in association with Polybia rejecta, an epiponine social wasp. Because A. chartifex colonies are well known for their ability to divert army ant raids from the base of their host tree so that they protect their associated wasps from these raids, there is a reciprocal benefit for these two partners, permitting us to call this association a mutualism. We also show that P. rejecta nests are significantly less often attacked by birds than are those of two compared epiponine social wasp species. Furthermore, experimentation using a standardized protocol demonstrated the significantly higher aggressiveness of P. rejecta compared to seven other wasp species. We conclude that the efficacious protection of its associated ant nests is likely due to the extreme aggressiveness of P. rejecta. © 2015 Académie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. |
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CNRS, Écologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR-CNRS 8172), Campus agronomique, BP 316Kourou cedex, France |
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Export Date: 24 April 2015 |
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600 |
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Paine, C.E.T.; Amissah, L.; Auge, H.; Baraloto, C.; Baruffol, M.; Bourland, N.; Bruelheide, H.; Daïnou, K.; de Gouvenain, R.C.; Doucet, J.-L.; Doust, S.; Fine, P.V.A.; Fortunel, C.; Haase, J.; Holl, K.D.; Jactel, H.; Li, X.; Kitajima, K.; Koricheva, J.; Martínez-Garza, C.; Messier, C.; Paquette, A.; Philipson, C.; Piotto, D.; Poorter, L.; Posada, J.M.; Potvin, C.; Rainio, K.; Russo, S.E.; Ruiz-Jaen, M.; Scherer-Lorenzen, M.; Webb, C.O.; Wright, S.J.; Zahawi, R.A.; Hector, A. |
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Globally, functional traits are weak predictors of juvenile tree growth, and we do not know why |
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2015 |
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Journal of Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Journal of Ecology |
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103 |
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4 |
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978-989 |
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Functional ecology; FunDivEurope; Growth; Hierarchical models; Plant population and community dynamics; Relative growth rate; Size-standardized growth rate; TreeDivNet |
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Plant functional traits, in particular specific leaf area (SLA), wood density and seed mass, are often good predictors of individual tree growth rates within communities. Individuals and species with high SLA, low wood density and small seeds tend to have faster growth rates. If community-level relationships between traits and growth have general predictive value, then similar relationships should also be observed in analyses that integrate across taxa, biogeographic regions and environments. Such global consistency would imply that traits could serve as valuable proxies for the complex suite of factors that determine growth rate, and, therefore, could underpin a new generation of robust dynamic vegetation models. Alternatively, growth rates may depend more strongly on the local environment or growth-trait relationships may vary along environmental gradients. We tested these alternative hypotheses using data on 27 352 juvenile trees, representing 278 species from 27 sites on all forested continents, and extensive functional trait data, 38% of which were obtained at the same sites at which growth was assessed. Data on potential evapotranspiration (PET), which summarizes the joint ecological effects of temperature and precipitation, were obtained from a global data base. We estimated size-standardized relative height growth rates (SGR) for all species, then related them to functional traits and PET using mixed-effect models for the fastest growing species and for all species together. Both the mean and 95th percentile SGR were more strongly associated with functional traits than with PET. PET was unrelated to SGR at the global scale. SGR increased with increasing SLA and decreased with increasing wood density and seed mass, but these traits explained only 3.1% of the variation in SGR. SGR-trait relationships were consistently weak across families and biogeographic zones, and over a range of tree statures. Thus, the most widely studied functional traits in plant ecology were poor predictors of tree growth over large scales. Synthesis. We conclude that these functional traits alone may be unsuitable for predicting growth of trees over broad scales. Determining the functional traits that predict vital rates under specific environmental conditions may generate more insight than a monolithic global relationship can offer. The most widely studied functional traits in plant ecology, specific leaf area, wood density and seed mass, were only weakly associated with tree growth rates over broad scales. Assessing trait-growth relationships under specific environmental conditions may generate more insight than a global relationship can offer. © 2015 British Ecological Society. |
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Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom |
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Export Date: 3 July 2015 |
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609 |
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Morel, H.; Mangenet, T.; Beauchene, J.; Ruelle, J.; Nicolini, E.; Heuret, P.; Thibaut, B. |
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Seasonal variations in phenological traits: leaf shedding and cambial activity in Parkia nitida Miq. and Parkia velutina Benoist (Fabaceae) in tropical rainforest |
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2015 |
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Trees – Structure and Function |
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Trees – Structure and Function |
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29 |
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4 |
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973-984 |
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Cambial activity; Climate; French Guiana; Leaf shedding pattern; Tropical rainforest |
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Key message: In French Guiana, the leaf and cambium phenologies should not be considered only as exogenous-driven processes, as the dry season, but also as endogenous-driven, as tree development stage. Abstract: Studies of the periodicity of wood formation provide essential data on tree age and on factors that control tree growth. The aim of this work was to investigate cambial phenology and its relation with leaf phenology and climatic seasonality in two briefly deciduous tropical rainforest species belonging to the genus Parkia. Wood microcores were collected every 15 days from April 2009 to February 2012 from five trees of each species. The microcores were stained with cresyl violet acetate to facilitate counting the number of cells in the cambial zone, in the radial enlargement zone and wall-thickening zone. At the same time, we observed leaf shedding pattern in the crown of the same trees. In both species, cambial activity was significantly reduced during the leafless period. In P. nitida, these two concomitant events were observed during the dry season whereas in P. velutina they can occur anytime in the year with no apparent link with seasonality. In conclusion, the period of reduced cambial activity in some tropical rainforest trees may be independent of rainfall seasonality and not necessarily follow an annual cycle. It appears that leaf phenology is a good proxy to estimate cambial activity. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. |
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CNRS, UMR Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil de Montpellier, Montpellier, France |
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Export Date: 16 July 2015 |
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610 |
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Rossi, V.;Dolley, T.; Cornu, G.; Guitet, S.;Herault, B. |
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GuyaSim : un outil d’aide à la décision pour l’aménagement d’un territoire forestier, la Guyane |
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2015 |
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Bois et Forets des Tropiques |
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326 |
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4 |
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67-78 |
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GIS software; scenarios; ecosystem services; simulator; biodiversity; carbon stock; biomass; logging; deforestation; land use changes; tropical forest; French Guiana |
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Planning policies for rapid development in French Guiana will require the conversion of forested areas, thus contributing to glo- bal warming. Guiana’s policy-makers will need to integrate the preservation of eco- system services into their planning deci- sions. The GuyaSim project was conduc- ted to produce more in-depth knowledge on these services (carbon sequestration, biodiversity and soil quality) and to trans- fer a software application, GuyaSim, to policy-makers to facilitate the use of this knowledge in the development of plan- ning policies. This article presents the characteristics of the application. Guya- Sim is a freeware package of the GIS type designed initially for local authority plan- ners and forestry departments in French Guiana. The application has two main functions:
information delivery and sup-
port for planning decisions. The informa- tion provided includes socio-economic development scenarios, climate scenarios and valuations of ecosystem services. The decision-support component consists of tools for building planning scenarios (land use changes) and forestry scenarios (log- ging), with information on their environ- mental impacts. The functionalities of the software are currently limited by the state of knowledge on Guiana’s ecosystems. Advances made through current research projects are expected to upgrade the application in the medium term. |
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666 |
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Amusant, N.; Digeon, A.; Descroix, L.; Bruneau, O.; Bezard, V.; Beauchene, J. |
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Planting rosewood for sustainable essential oil production: Influence of surrounding forest and seed provenance on tree growth and essential oil yields |
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2015 |
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Bois et Forets des Tropiques |
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Bois et Forets des Tropiques |
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326 |
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4 |
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57-65 |
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Aniba rosaeodora Ducke; Dendrometric traits; Essential oil yield; French Guiana; Light effect; Plantation; Rosewood; Seed provenance |
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Essential oil from the Amazonian rosewood tree (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) is valued as an important aromatic ingredient in luxury perfumes. Due to over-harvesting in recent decades, rosewood is now listed as an endangered species. Rosewood tree planting is now considered a viable alternative to logging as it can support both reforestation and sustainable agriculture thanks to sales of the essential oil extracted. We planted 605 rosewood trees in French Guiana from two seeds of local provenance, in a 5 445 m2 plot surrounded by primary forest. Nine years after planting, we assessed the effect of the position of the tree relative to the surrounding forest and of the seed provenance on dendrometric traits (height, circumference, above ground woody biomass) and hence on the yield of essential oil. Measurements were made on 99 trees. Average growth rates for the young trees were 0.7 m/year in height, 2.5 cm/year in stem circumference and 990.5 kg dry mass/ha/year in aboveground biomass, while essential oil yields ranged from 0.6% to 3.6% with a mean of 2.1%. The position of the tree relative to the surrounding forest was the main factor affecting tree growth and essential oil production: trees located close to the surrounding forest were significantly smaller and accumulated less essential oil due to the reduced availability of light. Seed provenance had less effect on dendrometric traits and essential oil yields. In conclusion, although planting practices will need to be adapted to avoid the edge effects of proximity to the forest, short-rotation cultivation of rosewood trees could be the optimum and most economically attractive system for the production of essential oil. |
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Office National des Forêts (ONF), Département R and D, Pôle de Cayenne, Réserve de Montabo, BP 87002, Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana |
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Export Date: 7 March 2016 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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670 |
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Dejean, A.; Azémar, F.; Céréghino, R.; Leponce, M.; Corbara, B.; Orivel, J.; Compin, A. |
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The dynamics of ant mosaics in tropical rainforests characterized using the Self-Organizing Map algorithm |
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2016 |
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Insect Science |
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Insect Science |
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23 |
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4 |
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630-637 |
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ant plant relationships; dynamics of associations; myrmecophytes; tropical rainforests |
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Ants, the most abundant taxa among canopy-dwelling animals in tropical rainforests, are mostly represented by territorially dominant arboreal ants (TDAs) whose territories are distributed in a mosaic pattern (arboreal ant mosaics). Large TDA colonies regulate insect herbivores, with implications for forestry and agronomy. What generates these mosaics in vegetal formations, which are dynamic, still needs to be better understood. So, from empirical research based on 3 Cameroonian tree species (Lophira alata, Ochnaceae; Anthocleista vogelii, Gentianaceae; and Barteria fistulosa, Passifloraceae), we used the Self-Organizing Map (SOM, neural network) to illustrate the succession of TDAs as their host trees grow and age. The SOM separated the trees by species and by size for L. alata, which can reach 60 m in height and live several centuries. An ontogenic succession of TDAs from sapling to mature trees is shown, and some ecological traits are highlighted for certain TDAs. Also, because the SOM permits the analysis of data with many zeroes with no effect of outliers on the overall scatterplot distributions, we obtained ecological information on rare species. Finally, the SOM permitted us to show that functional groups cannot be selected at the genus level as congeneric species can have very different ecological niches, something particularly true for Crematogaster spp., which include a species specifically associated with B. fistulosa, nondominant species and TDAs. Therefore, the SOM permitted the complex relationships between TDAs and their growing host trees to be analyzed, while also providing new information on the ecological traits of the ant species involved. © 2015 Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences |
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Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, LMGE, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France |
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Export Date: 1 September 2016 |
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Ghislain, B.; Nicolini, E.-A.; Romain, R.; Ruelle, J.; Yoshinaga, A.; Alford, M.H.; Clair, B. |
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Multilayered structure of tension wood cell walls in Salicaceae sensu lato and its taxonomic significance |
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2016 |
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Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |
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Bot. J. Linn. Soc. |
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182 |
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4 |
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744-756 |
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Flacourtiaceae; G-layer; multilayered tension wood; reaction wood |
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Salicaceae have been enlarged to include a majority of the species formerly placed in the polyphyletic tropical Flacourtiaceae. Several studies have reported a peculiar and infrequently formed multilayered structure of tension wood in four of the tropical genera. Tension wood is a tissue produced by trees to restore their vertical orientation and most studies have focused on trees developing tension wood by means of cellulose-rich, gelatinous fibres, as in Populus and Salix (Salicaceae s.s.). This study aims to determine if the multilayered structure of tension wood is an anatomical characteristic common in other Salicaceae and, if so, how its distribution correlates to phylogenetic relationships. Therefore, we studied the tension wood of 14 genera of Salicaceae and two genera of Achariaceae, one genus of Goupiaceae and one genus of Lacistemataceae, families closely related to Salicaceae or formerly placed in Flacourtiaceae. Opposite wood and tension wood were compared with light microscopy and three-dimensional laser scanning confocal microscopy. The results indicate that a multilayered structure of tension wood is common in the family except in Salix, Populus and one of their closest relatives, Idesia polycarpa. We suggest that tension wood may be a useful anatomical character in understanding phylogenetic relationships in Salicaceae. Further investigation is still needed on the tension wood of several other putatively close relatives of Salix and Populus, in particular Bennettiodendron, Macrohasseltia and Itoa. |
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Falkowski, M.; Jahn-Oyac, A.; Ferrero, E.; Issaly, J.; Eparvier, V.; Girod, R.; Rodrigues, A.M.S.; Stien, D.; Houel, E.; Dusfour, I. |
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Title |
Assessment of A Simple Compound-Saving Method to Study Insecticidal Activity of Natural Extracts and Pure Compounds Against Mosquito Larvae |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
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Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association |
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Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association |
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32 |
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4 |
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337-340 |
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Mosquitoes; natural insecticides; screening method |
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Abstract |
Research on natural insecticides has intensified with the spread of resistance to chemicals among insects, particularly disease vectors. To evaluate compounds, the World Health Organization (WHO) has published standardized procedures. However, those may be excessively compound-consuming when it comes to assessing the activity of natural extracts and pure compounds isolated in limited amount. As part of our work on the discovery of new mosquito larvicides from Amazonian plants, we developed a compound-saving assay in 5-ml glass tubes instead of WHO larval 100-ml cups. Comparing activity of synthetic and natural chemicals validated the glass tube assay. Raw data, lethal doses that kill 50% (LD50) and 90% (LD90) at 24 and 48 h, were highly correlated (0.68 < R2 < 0.96, P < 0.001, Pearson test) between cups and tubes. It was also established that 10 tubes (N = 50 larvae) provided the same level of sensitivity as 20 tubes (N = 100). This method proved suitable for rapid screening of natural extracts and molecules, identifying active compounds using 10 times less material than in the WHO protocol. © 2016 by The American Mosquito Control Association, Inc. |
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Sorbonne Universites, UPMC, Universite Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversite et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (USR 3579, LBBM), Observatoire Oceanologique, avenue de Fontaul e, Banyuls/Mer-sur-mer, France |
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Export Date: 3 March 2017 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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740 |
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