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Author (up) Fournier, M.; Dlouhá, J.; Jaouen, G.; Almeras, T. url  openurl
  Title Integrative biomechanics for tree ecology: Beyond wood density and strength Type Journal Article
  Year 2013 Publication Journal of Experimental Botany Abbreviated Journal J. Exp. Bot.  
  Volume 64 Issue 15 Pages 4793-4815  
  Keywords Biomechanics; Ecological strategy; Gravitropism; Shape; Size; Trees; Wood  
  Abstract Functional ecology has long considered the support function as important, but its biomechanical complexity is only just being elucidated. We show here that it can be described on the basis of four biomechanical traits, two safety traits against winds and self-buckling, and two motricity traits involved in sustaining an upright position, tropic motion velocity (MV) and posture control (PC). All these traits are integrated at the tree scale, combining tree size and shape together with wood properties. The assumption of trait constancy has been used to derive allometric scaling laws, but it was more recently found that observing their variations among environments and functional groups, or during ontogeny, provides more insights into adaptive syndromes of tree shape and wood properties. However, oversimpli-fed expressions have often been used, possibly concealing key adaptive drivers. An extreme case of oversimplification is the use of wood basic density as a proxy for safety. Actually, as wood density is involved in stiffiness, loads, and construction costs, the impact of its variations on safety is non-trivial. Moreover, other wood features, especially the microfibril angle (MFA), are also involved. Furthermore, wood is not only stiff and strong, but it also acts as a motor for MV and PC. The relevant wood trait for this is maturation strain asymmetry. Maturation strains vary with cell-wall characteristics such as MFA, rather than with wood density. Finally, the need for further studies about the ecological relevance of branching patterns, motricity traits, and growth responses to mechanical loads is discussed. © The Author 2013.  
  Address CNRS, Université de Montpellier 2, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil, 34095 Montpellier, France  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 00220957 (Issn) ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Cited By (since 1996):1; Export Date: 2 December 2013; Source: Scopus; Coden: Jeboa; doi: 10.1093/jxb/ert279; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Fournier, M.; AgroParisTech, UMR 1092 LERFOB, 54000 Nancy, France; email: meriem.fournier@agroparistech.fr; References: Achim, A., Ruel, J.C., Gardiner, B.A., Lafamme, G., Meunier, S., Modelling the vulnerability of balsam fr forests to wind damage (2005) Forest Ecology and Management, 204, pp. 35-50; Almeras, T., Costes, E., Salles, J.C., Identification of biomechanical factors involved in stem shape variability between apricot-tree varieties (2004) Annals of Botany, 93, pp. 1-14; Almeras, T., Derycke, M., Jaouen, G., Beauchene, J., Fournier, M., Functional diversity in gravitropic reaction among tropical seedlings in relation to ecological and developmental traits (2009) Journal of Experimental Botany, 60, pp. 4397-4410; Almeras, T., Fournier, M., Biomechanical design and longterm stability of trees: Morphological and wood traits involved in the balance between weight increase and the gravitropic reaction (2009) Journal of Theoretical Biology, 256, pp. 370-381; Almeras, T., Gril, J., Costes, E., Bending of apricot tree branches under the weight of axillary growth: Test of a mechanical model with experimental data (2002) Trees – Structure and Function, 16, pp. 5-15; Almeras, T., Thibaut, A., Gril, J., Effect of circumferential heterogeneity of wood maturation strain, modulus of elasticity and radial growth on the regulation of stem orientation in trees (2005) Trees – Structure and Function, 19, pp. 457-467; Anten, N.P.R., Schieving, F., The role of wood mass density and mechanical constraints in the economy of tree architecture (2010) American Naturalist, 175, pp. 250-260; Archer, R.R., Wilson, B.F., Mechanics of the compression wood response II. 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Author (up) Fox Ramos, A.E.; Alcover, C.; Evanno, L.; Maciuk, A.; Litaudon, M.; Duplais, C.; Bernadat, G.; Gallard, J.-F.; Jullian, J.-C.; Mouray, E.; Grellier, P.; Loiseau, P.M.; Pomel, S.; Poupon, E.; Champy, P.; Beniddir, M.A. doi  openurl
  Title Revisiting Previously Investigated Plants: A Molecular Networking-Based Study of Geissospermum laeve Type Journal Article
  Year 2017 Publication Journal of Natural Products Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 80 Issue 4 Pages 1007-1014  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Three new monoterpene indole alkaloids (1-3) have been isolated from the bark of Geissospermum laeve, together with the known alkaloids (−)-leuconolam (4), geissolosimine (5), and geissospermine (6). The structures of 1-3 were elucidated by analysis of their HRMS and NMR spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of geissolaevine (1) was deduced from the comparison of experimental and theoretically calculated ECD spectra. The isolation workflow was guided by a molecular networking-based dereplication strategy using an in-house database of monoterpene indole alkaloids. In addition, five known compounds previously undescribed in the Geissospermum genus were dereplicated from the G. laeve alkaloid extract network and were assigned with various levels of identification confidence. The antiparasitic activities against Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania donovani as well as the cytotoxic activity against the MRC-5 cell line were determined for compounds 1-5. © 2017 The American Chemical Society and American Society of Pharmacognosy.  
  Address Équipe Chimiothérapie Antiparasitaire BioCIS, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 Rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, France  
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  Notes Export Date: 18 May 2017 Approved no  
  Call Number EcoFoG @ webmaster @ Serial 752  
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Author (up) Franco, W.; Ladino, N.;Delabie, J.H.C.;Dejean, A.;Orivel, J.;Fichaux, M.; Groc, S.;Leponce, M.;Feitosa, R.M. doi  openurl
  Title First checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of French Guiana Type Journal Article
  Year 2019 Publication Zootaxa Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 4674 Issue 5 Pages 509-543  
  Keywords  
  Abstract We provide here a checklist of the ants of French Guiana, an overseas department of France situated in northern South America, with a very low human population density and predominantly covered by old-growth tropical rainforests. Based on 165 scientific papers, specimens deposited in collections, and unpublished surveys, a total of 659 valid species and subspecies from 84 genera and 12 subfamilies is presented. Although far from complete, these numbers represent approximately 10% of the ant diversity known to occur in the Neotropical realm. Additionally, three ant genera and 119 species are reported for the first time for French Guiana. Finally, five species are recognized as erroneous records for the the department in the literature. This checklist significantly expands the basic knowledge of the ants in the Guiana Shield, one of the world’s most important biodiversity hotspots.  
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Author (up) Franklin, J.; Andrade, R.; Daniels, M.L.; Fairbairn, P.; Fandino, M.C.; Gillespie, T.W.; González, G.; Gonzalez, O.; Imbert, D.; Kapos, V.; Kelly, D.L.; Marcano-Vega, H.; Meléndez-Ackerman, E.J.; McLaren, K.P.; McDonald, M.A.; Ripplinger, J.; Rojas-Sandoval, J.; Ross, M.S.; Ruiz, J.; Steadman, D.W.; Tanner, E.V.J.; Terrill, I.; Vennetier, M. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Geographical ecology of dry forest tree communities in the West Indies Type Journal Article
  Year 2018 Publication Journal of Biogeography Abbreviated Journal J Biogeogr  
  Volume 45 Issue 5 Pages 1168-1181  
  Keywords beta diversity; Caribbean; community composition; seasonally dry tropical forest; species turnover; tropical dry forest; West Indies  
  Abstract Abstract Aim Seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF) of the Caribbean Islands (primarily West Indies) is floristically distinct from Neotropical SDTF in Central and South America. We evaluate whether tree species composition was associated with climatic gradients or geographical distance. Turnover (dissimilarity) in species composition of different islands or among more distant sites would suggest communities structured by speciation and dispersal limitations. A nested pattern would be consistent with a steep resource gradient. Correlation of species composition with climatic variation would suggest communities structured by broad-scale environmental filtering. Location The West Indies (The Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia), Providencia (Colombia), south Florida (USA) and Florida Keys (USA). Taxon Seed plants?woody taxa (primarily trees). Methods We compiled 572 plots from 23 surveys conducted between 1969 and 2016. Hierarchical clustering of species in plots, and indicator species analysis for the resulting groups of sites, identified geographical patterns of turnover in species composition. Nonparametric analysis of variance, applied to principal components of bioclimatic variables, determined the degree of covariation in climate with location. Nestedness versus turnover in species composition was evaluated using beta diversity partitioning. Generalized dissimilarity modelling partitioned the effect of climate versus geographical distance on species composition. Results Despite a set of commonly occurring species, SDTF tree community composition was distinct among islands and was characterized by spatial turnover on climatic gradients that covaried with geographical gradients. Greater Antillean islands were characterized by endemic indicator species. Northern subtropical areas supported distinct, rather than nested, SDTF communities in spite of low levels of endemism. Main conclusions The SDTF species composition was correlated with climatic variation. SDTF on large Greater Antillean islands (Hispaniola, Jamaica and Cuba) was characterized by endemic species, consistent with their geological history and the biogeography of plant lineages. These results suggest that both environmental filtering and speciation shape Caribbean SDTF tree communities.  
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  Publisher John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (10.1111) Place of Publication Editor  
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  ISSN 0305-0270 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes doi: 10.1111/jbi.13198 Approved no  
  Call Number EcoFoG @ webmaster @ Serial 846  
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Author (up) Freycon, V.; Krencker, M.; Schwartz, D.; Nasi, R.; Bonal, D. openurl 
  Title The impact of climate changes during the Holocene on vegetation in northern French Guiana Type Journal Article
  Year 2010 Publication Quaternary Research Abbreviated Journal Quat. Res.  
  Volume 73 Issue 2 Pages 220-225  
  Keywords Holocene; Vegetation change; French Guiana; Carbon isotope composition; Soil organic matter  
  Abstract The impact of climatic changes that occurred during the last glacial maximum and the Holocene on vegetation changes in the Amazon Basin and the Guiana Shield are still widely debated. The aim of our study was to investigate whether major changes in vegetation (i.e. transitions between rainforests and C-4 savannas) occurred in northern French Guiana during the Holocene. We measured variations in the delta C-13 of soil organic matter at eight sites now occupied by forest or savannah. The forest sites were selected to cover two regions (forest refugia and peneplains) which are thought to have experienced different intensities of disturbance during the latest Pleistocene and the Holocene. We found that none of the forest sites underwent major disturbances during the Holocene, i.e. they were not replaced by C-4 savannahs or C-4 forest savannahs for long periods. Our results thus suggest that tropical rainforests in northern French Guiana were resilient to drier climatic conditions during the Holocene. Nevertheless, geographical and vertical variations in the C-13 of SOM were compatible with minor changes in vegetation, variations in soil processes or in soil physical properties. (C) 2009 University of Washington. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  
  Address [Freycon, Vincent] CIRAD, UR Dynam Forestiere, F-34398 Montpellier 5, France, Email: vincent.freycon@cirad.fr  
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  Publisher ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE Place of Publication Editor  
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  ISSN 0033-5894 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes ISI:000275246700007 Approved no  
  Call Number EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ Serial 66  
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Author (up) Fromin, N.; Porte, B.; Lensi, R.; Hamelin, J.; Domenach, A.-M.; Buatois, B.; Roggy, J.-C. url  openurl
  Title Spatial variability of the functional stability of microbial respiration process: A microcosm study using tropical forest soil Type Journal Article
  Year 2012 Publication Journal of Soils and Sediments Abbreviated Journal J. Soils Sed.  
  Volume 12 Issue 7 Pages 1030-1039  
  Keywords Disturbance; Diversity-stability relationship; Microbial diversity; Substrate-induced respiration  
  Abstract Purpose: Understanding the ability of ecosystem processes to resist to and to recover from disturbances is critical to sustainable land use. However, the spatial variability of the stability has rarely been addressed. Here, we investigated the functional stability of a soil microbial process for 24 soils collected from adjacent locations from a 0. 3 ha tropical rainforest plot in Paracou, French Guiana. Materials and methods: The 24 locations were characterized regarding soil chemical and biological (microbial diversity) parameters and forest structure. The corresponding soils were submitted to an experimental transient heat disturbance during a microcosm experiment. The response of the respiration process was followed using substrate-induced respiration (SIR). Results and discussion: The response of soil SIR to heat disturbance varied widely between samples. The variability of the SIR response increased just after the disturbance, and a global rather homogeneous decrease in SIR rates was observed 15 and 30 days after. The stability of SIR in response to heat disturbance could not be related to either the genetic or the metabolic diversity of the microbial community. The initial level of SIR before the disturbance was the soil variable that best correlated with the impact of the disturbance: the soil locations with the highest initial SIR rates were the most affected 15 and 30 days after the heat disturbance. Conclusions: Such a heterogeneous response suggests that the response of soil processes to a disturbance will be difficult to assess from only local-scale analyses and highlights the need for spatial explicitness in understanding biogeochemical processes. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.  
  Address UMR EcoFoG, BP 709, 97387 Kourou, French Guiana  
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  ISSN 14390108 (Issn) ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Export Date: 30 July 2012; Source: Scopus; doi: 10.1007/s11368-012-0528-7; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Fromin, N.; CEFE, CNRS UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France; email: nathalie.fromin@cefe.cnrs.fr Approved no  
  Call Number EcoFoG @ webmaster @ Serial 415  
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Author (up) Fromin, N.; Saby, N.P.A.; Lensi, R.; Brunet, D.; Porte, B.; Domenach, A.-M.; Roggy, J.-C. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Spatial variability of soil microbial functioning in a tropical rainforest of French Guiana using nested sampling Type Journal Article
  Year 2013 Publication Geoderma Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 197-198 Issue Pages 98-107  
  Keywords Denitrification; Respiration; Scale dependent process; Soil microbial processes; Soil organic matter; Tree influence potential  
  Abstract Understanding the pattern in spatial distribution of soil microbial processes is critical to understand the environmental factors that regulate them as well as to scale up these processes to ecosystem. Soil samples from a 1. ha tropical rainforest plot (Paracou, French Guiana) were analyzed according a nested sampling approach using different separation distances ranging from 0.4 to 40. m. The variability of substrate induced respiration (SIR) and of denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) was characterized in relation to various soil properties (total C and N contents, NIRS related index of soil organic matter quality, SOMQ, and index of tree influence potential, IP). The variability of SIR and DEA was higher than that of environmental properties. The patterns of accumulated variance as a function of distance varied among the soil properties. The variability of SIR and DEA mainly occurred at small (1. m) scale (and at the 10-40. m-scales for SIR), probably reflecting the quality of litter input that results of the influence of local assemblage of different tree species, though changes in the soil N and C contents. Indeed, total soil C and N contents explained the microbial properties at every scale. Coefficients of codispersion showed that neither SOMQ nor IP did correlate with SIR and DEA, and confirmed that total C and N contents explained microbial properties in a scale dependent and complex manner. Such spatial dependency underlines the importance of soil heterogeneity in this tropical forest with implications for sampling strategies when studying the microbial processes and their response to disturbances. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.  
  Address UMR EcoFoG, BP 709, 97387 Kourou, GUF, France  
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  Notes Export Date: 13 February 2013; Source: Scopus Approved no  
  Call Number EcoFoG @ webmaster @ Serial 466  
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Author (up) Fu, T.; Houel, E.; Amusant, N.; Touboul, D.; Genta-Jouve, G.; Della-Negra, S.; Fisher, G.L.; Brunelle, A.; Duplais, C. pdf  url
doi  openurl
  Title Biosynthetic investigation of γ-lactones in Sextonia rubra wood using in situ TOF-SIMS MS/MS imaging to localize and characterize biosynthetic intermediates Type Journal Article
  Year 2019 Publication Scientific Reports Abbreviated Journal Sci. Rep.  
  Volume 9 Issue Pages 1928  
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  Abstract Molecular analysis by parallel tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) imaging contributes to the in situ characterization of biosynthetic intermediates which is crucial for deciphering the metabolic pathways in living organisms. We report the first use of TOF-SIMS MS/MS imaging for the cellular localization and characterization of biosynthetic intermediates of bioactive γ-lactones rubrynolide and rubrenolide in the Amazonian tree Sextonia rubra (Lauraceae). Five γ-lactones, including previously reported rubrynolide and rubrenolide, were isolated using a conventional approach and their structural characterization and localization at a lateral resolution of ~400 nm was later achieved using TOF-SIMS MS/MS imaging analysis. 2D/3D MS imaging at subcellular level reveals that putative biosynthetic γ-lactones intermediates are localized in the same cell types (ray parenchyma cells and oil cells) as rubrynolide and rubrenolide. Consequently, a revised metabolic pathway of rubrynolide was proposed, which involves the reaction between 2-hydroxysuccinic acid and 3-oxotetradecanoic acid, contrary to previous studies suggesting a single polyketide precursor. Our results provide insights into plant metabolite production in wood tissues and, overall, demonstrate that combining high spatial resolution TOF-SIMS imaging and MS/MS structural characterization offers new opportunities for studying molecular and cellular biochemistry in plants. © 2019, The Author(s).  
  Address Physical Electronics, Chanhassen, MN 55317, United States  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Nature Publishing Group Place of Publication Editor  
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  ISSN 20452322 (Issn) ISBN Medium  
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Author (up) Fu, T.; Touboul, D.; Della-Negra, S.; Houel, E.; Amusant, N.; Duplais, C.; Fisher, G.L.; Brunelle, A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Tandem Mass Spectrometry Imaging and in Situ Characterization of Bioactive Wood Metabolites in Amazonian Tree Species Sextonia rubra Type Journal Article
  Year 2018 Publication Analytical Chemistry Abbreviated Journal Anal. Chem.  
  Volume 90 Issue 12 Pages 7535-7543  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Driven by a necessity for confident molecular identification at high spatial resolution, a new time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) tandem mass spectrometry (tandem MS) imaging instrument has been recently developed. In this paper, the superior MS/MS spectrometry and imaging capability of this new tool is shown for natural product study. For the first time, via in situ analysis of the bioactive metabolites rubrynolide and rubrenolide in Amazonian tree species Sextonia rubra (Lauraceae), we were able both to analyze and to image by tandem MS the molecular products of natural biosynthesis. Despite the low abundance of the metabolites in the wood sample(s), efficient MS/MS analysis of these γ-lactone compounds was achieved, providing high confidence in the identification and localization. In addition, tandem MS imaging minimized the mass interferences and revealed specific localization of these metabolites primarily in the ray parenchyma cells but also in certain oil cells and, further, revealed the presence of previously unidentified γ-lactone, paving the way for future studies in biosynthesis.  
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  ISSN 0003-2700 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01157 Approved no  
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Author (up) Fu, Z.; Gerken, T.; Bromley, G.; Araújo, A.; Bonal, D.; Burban, B.; Ficklin, D.; Fuentes, J.D.; Goulden, M.; Hirano, T.; Kosugi, Y.; Liddell, M.; Nicolini, G.; Niu, S.; Roupsard, O.; Stefani, P.; Mi, C.; Tofte, Z.; Xiao, J.; Valentini, R.; Wolf, S.; Stoy, P.C. url  doi
openurl 
  Title The surface-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide in tropical rainforests: Sensitivity to environmental drivers and flux measurement methodology Type Journal Article
  Year 2018 Publication Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Abbreviated Journal Agric. For. Meterol.  
  Volume 263 Issue Pages 292-307  
  Keywords Climate variability; Ecosystem respiration; Eddy covariance; Gross primary productivity; Net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange; Tropical rainforest; acclimation; air temperature; anthropogenic effect; atmosphere-biosphere interaction; biodiversity; carbon flux; climate change; Cmip; eddy covariance; environmental change; flux measurement; methodology; net ecosystem exchange; net ecosystem production; radiative forcing; rainforest; sensitivity analysis; tropical environment  
  Abstract Tropical rainforests play a central role in the Earth system by regulating climate, maintaining biodiversity, and sequestering carbon. They are under threat by direct anthropogenic impacts like deforestation and the indirect anthropogenic impacts of climate change. A synthesis of the factors that determine the net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (NEE) at the site scale across different forests in the tropical rainforest biome has not been undertaken to date. Here, we study NEE and its components, gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (RE), across thirteen natural and managed forests within the tropical rainforest biome with 63 total site-years of eddy covariance data. Our results reveal that the five ecosystems with the largest annual gross carbon uptake by photosynthesis (i.e. GEP > 3000 g C m−2 y-1) have the lowest net carbon uptake – or even carbon losses – versus other study ecosystems because RE is of a similar magnitude. Sites that provided subcanopy CO2 storage observations had higher average magnitudes of GEP and RE and lower average magnitudes of NEE, highlighting the importance of measurement methodology for understanding carbon dynamics in ecosystems with characteristically tall and dense vegetation. A path analysis revealed that vapor pressure deficit (VPD) played a greater role than soil moisture or air temperature in constraining GEP under light saturated conditions across most study sites, but to differing degrees from -0.31 to -0.87 μmol CO2 m−2 s-1 hPa-1. Climate projections from 13 general circulation models (CMIP5) under the representative concentration pathway that generates 8.5 W m−2 of radiative forcing suggest that many current tropical rainforest sites on the lower end of the current temperature range are likely to reach a climate space similar to present-day warmer sites by the year 2050, warmer sites will reach a climate not currently experienced, and all forests are likely to experience higher VPD. Results demonstrate the need to quantify if and how mature tropical trees acclimate to heat and water stress, and to further develop flux-partitioning and gap-filling algorithms for defensible estimates of carbon exchange in tropical rainforests. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.  
  Address Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Elsevier B.V. Place of Publication Editor  
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  ISSN 01681923 (Issn) ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Export Date: 12 November 2018; Coden: Afmee; Correspondence Address: Stoy, P.C.; Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State UniversityUnited States; email: paul.stoy@montana.edu; Funding details: ANR-10-LABX-25-01; Funding details: U.S. Department of Energy, DOE, SC0011097; Funding details: Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR; Funding details: 1702029; Funding details: 1552976; Funding details: Graduate School, Ohio State University; Funding details: National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC, 31625006; Funding text 1: PCS and JDF acknowledges funding support from the U.S. Department of Energy as part of the GoAmazon project (Grant SC0011097 ). PCS additionally acknowledges the U.S. National Science Foundation grants 1552976 and 1702029 , and The Graduate School at Montana State University . ZF is supported by the China Scholarship Council and National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 31625006 ). This work used eddy covariance data acquired and shared by the FLUXNET community, including the AmeriFlux, AfriFlux, AsiaFlux, CarboAfrica, LBA, and TERN- OzFlux networks. The FLUXNET eddy covariance data processing and harmonization was carried out by the ICOS Ecosystem Thematic Center, AmeriFlux Management Project and Fluxdata project of FLUXNET, with the support of CDIAC, and the OzFlux, ChinaFlux and AsiaFlux offices. The Guyaflux program belongs to the SOERE F-ORE-T which is supported annually by Ecofor, Allenvi and the French national research infrastructure ANAEE-F. The Guyaflux program also received support from the “Observatoire du Carbone en Guyane” and an “investissement d'avenir” grant from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (CEBA, ref ANR-10-LABX-25-01). Funding for the site PA-SPn was provided by the North-South Centre of ETH Zurich. We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme's Working Group on Coupled Modeling for the CMIP and thank the climate modeling groups for producing and making available their model output. For CMIP, the U.S. Department of Energy's Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison provides coordinating support and led development of software infrastructure in partnership with the Global Organization for Earth System Science Portals. Angela Tang and Taylor Rodenburg provided valuable comments to earlier drafts of this manuscript. We thank Dr. Tim Hill and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on the manuscript.; References: Acevedo, O.C., Moraes, O.L.L., Degrazia, G.A., Fitzjarrald, D.R., Manzi, A.O., Campos, J.G., Is friction velocity the most appropriate scale for correcting nocturnal carbon dioxide fluxes? (2009) Agric. For. 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