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	Author	Clair, B.; Alteyrac, J.; Gronvold, A.; Espejo, J.; Chanson, B.; Alméras, T.
	Title	Patterns of longitudinal and tangential maturation stresses in Eucalyptus nitens plantation trees			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Annals of Forest Science	Abbreviated Journal	Ann. Forest Sci.
	Volume	70	Issue	8	Pages	801-811
	Keywords	Eucalyptus nitens; G-layer; Longitudinal maturation stress; Maturation strain; Tangential maturation stress; Tension wood
	Abstract	Context: Tree orientation is controlled by asymmetric mechanical stresses set during wood maturation. The magnitude of maturation stress differs between longitudinal and tangential directions, and between normal and tension woods. Aims: We aimed at evaluating patterns of maturation stress on eucalypt plantation trees and their relation with growth, with a focus on tangential stress evaluation. Methods: Released maturation strains along longitudinal and tangential directions were measured around the circumference of 29 Eucalyptus nitens trees, including both straight and leaning trees. Results: Most trees produced asymmetric patterns of longitudinal maturation strain, but more than half of the maturation strain variability occurred between trees. Many trees produced high longitudinal tensile stress all around their circumference. High longitudinal tensile stress was not systematically associated with the presence of gelatinous layer. The average magnitude of released longitudinal maturation strain was found negatively correlated to the growth rate. A methodology is proposed to ensure reliable evaluation of released maturation strain in both longitudinal and tangential directions. Tangential strain evaluated with this method was lower than previously reported. Conclusion: The stress was always tensile along the longitudinal direction and compressive along the tangential direction, and their respective magnitude was positively correlated. This correlation does not result from a Poisson effect but may be related to the mechanism of maturation stress generation. © 2013 # The Author(s) 2013. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com.
	Address	Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepcion, Ciudad Universitaria, Concepcion, Chile
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	12864560 (Issn)	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Export Date: 16 December 2013; Source: Scopus; Coden: Afosf; doi: 10.1007/s13595-013-0318-4; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Clair, B.; CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), Campus Agronomique, BP 701, 97387 Kourou, French Guiana; email: bruno.clair@univ-montp2.fr; Funding Details: ANR-12-BS09-0004, French National Research Agency; References: Alméras, T., Fournier, M., Biomechanical design and long-term stability of trees: Morphological and wood traits involved in the balance between weight increase and the gravitropic reaction (2009) J Theor Biol, 256, pp. 370-381. , 19013473 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.10.011; Alméras, T., Thibaut, A., Gril, J., Effect of circumferential heterogeneity of wood maturation strain, modulus of elasticity and radial growth on the regulation of stem orientation in trees (2005) Trees, 19, pp. 457-467. , 10.1007/s00468-005-0407-6; Archer, R.R., (1986) Growth Stresses and Strains in Trees, , Springer Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg/New York; Archer, R.R., On the origin of growth stresses in trees. Part 1: Micro mechanics of the developing cambial cell wall. Wood Sci (1987) Technol., 21, pp. 139-154; Baillères, H., Chanson, B., Fournier, M., Tollier, M.T., Monties, B., Structure, composition chimique et retraits de maturation du bois chez les clones d' Eucalyptus (1995) Ann Sci for, 52, pp. 157-172. , 10.1051/forest:19950206; Bergman, R., Cai, Z., Carll, C.G., Clausen, C.A., Ma, D., Falk, R.H., Frihart, C.R., Star, (2010) Wood Handbook: Wood As An Engineering Material, , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory., Washington D.C. (USA)/Madison, WI, (USA); Biechele, T., Nutto, L., Becker, G., Growth strain in Eucalyptus nitens at different stages of development (2009) Silva Fennica, 43, pp. 669-679; Bonser, R.H.C., Ennos, A.R., Measurement of prestrain in trees:implications for the determination of safety factors (1998) Funct Ecol, 12, pp. 971-974. , 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00279.x; Boyd, J.D., Tree growth stresses – Part I: Growth stress evaluation (1950) Austr. J. Sci. Res. Series B, Biological Sciences, 3, pp. 270-293; Boyd, J.D., Tree growth stresses – Part II: The development of shakes and other visual failure in timber (1950) Aust. J. App. Sci., 1, pp. 296-312; Clair, B., Alméras, T., Sugiyama, J., Compression stress in opposite wood of angiosperms: Observations in chestnut, mani and poplar (2006) Ann for Sci, 63, pp. 507-510. , 10.1051/forest:2006032; Clair, B., Ruelle, J., Beauchêne, J., Prevost, M.F., Fournier, M., Tension wood and opposite wood in 21 tropical rain forest species. 1. Occurence and efficiency of G-layer (2006) IAWA J, 27, pp. 329-338; Clair, B., Ruelle, J., Thibaut, B., Relationship between growth stress, mechano-physical properties and proportion of fibre with gelatinous layer in Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) (2003) Holzforschung, 57, pp. 189-195. , 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjs1ensr8%3D; Coutand, C., Fournier, M., Moulia, B., The gravitropic response of poplar trunks: Key roles of prestressed wood regulation and the relative kinetics of cambial growth versus wood maturation (2007) Plant Physiol, 144, pp. 1166-1180. , 17468227 10.1104/pp.106.088153 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmvValtbg%3D; Fang, C.-H., Clair, B., Gril, J., Liu, S.-Q., Growth stresses are highly controlled by the amount of G-layer in poplar tension wood (2008) IAWA J, 29, pp. 237-246. , 10.1163/22941932-90000183; Ferrand, J.C., Study of growth stresses. 1. Measurement method on increment cores (1982) Ann Sci for, 39, pp. 109-142. , 10.1051/forest:19820201 (in French with English summary); Ferrand, J.C., Study of growth stresses. 2. Variations in the forest of growth stresses of beech (Fagus sylvatica) (1982) Ann Sci for, 39, pp. 187-218. , 10.1051/forest:19820301 (in French with English summary); Ferrand, J.C., Study of growth stresses. 3. Eucalyptus dedegatensis and Eucalyptus nitens – Influence of sylviculture and site index (1982) Ann Sci for, 39, pp. 355-378. , 10.1051/forest:19820402 (in French with English summary); Fournier, M., Chanson, B., Thibaut, B., Guitard, D., Measurement of residual growth strains at the stem surface. Observations of different species (1994) Ann. For. Sci., 51, pp. 249-266. , 10.1051/forest:19940305 (in French with English summary); Gerard, J., Bailleres, H., Fournier, M., Thibaut, B., Wood quality in plantation Eucalyptus – A study of variation in three reference properties (1995) Bois For. Trop, 245, pp. 101-110. , (in French with English summary); Giordano, G., Curro, P., Ghisi, G., Contribution of internal stresses in wood of Eucalyptus (1969) Wood Sci Technol, 3, pp. 1-13. , 10.1007/BF00349980; Jacobs, M.R., The fibre tension of woody stems, with special reference to the genus Eucalyptus (1938) Bull. Com. For. Bur, 22, p. 37; Jacobs, M.R., (1945) The Growth Stresses of Woody Stems, , Commonwealth Forestry Bureau Canberra, Australia; Jullien, D., Laghdir, A., Gril, J., Modelling log-end cracks due to growth stresses: Calculation of the elastic energy release rate (2003) Holzforschung, 57, pp. 407-414. , 10.1515/HF.2003.060 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntFeksrk%3D; Jullien, D., Gril, J., Growth strain assessment at the periphery of small-diameter trees using the two-grooves method: Influence of operating parameters estimated by numerical simulations (2008) Wood Sci. Technol., 42, pp. 551-565. , 10.1007/s00226-008-0202-9 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtVOiu7jL; Jullien, D., Widmann, R., Loup, C., Thibaut, B., Relationship between tree morphology and growth stress in mature European beech stands (2013) Ann for Sci, 68, pp. 681-688; Kubler, H., Studies on growth stresses in trees – Part I: The origin of growth stresses and the stresses in transverse direction (1959) Holz Als Roh- Und Werkstoff, 17, pp. 1-9. , 10.1007/BF02608827; Kubler, H., Growth stresses in trees and related wood properties (1987) For. Abst., 48, pp. 131-189; Moulia, B., Coutand, C., Lenne, C., Posture control and skeletal mechanical acclimation in terrestrial plants: Implications for mechanical modelling of plant architecture (2006) Am J Bot, 93, pp. 1477-1489. , 21642095 10.3732/ajb.93.10.1477; Nicholson, J., A rapid method for estimating the longitudinal growth stress in logs (1971) Wood Sci. Technol., 5, pp. 40-48. , 10.1007/BF00363119; Nicholson, J.E., Growth stress differences in Eucalypts (1973) For Sci, 19, pp. 169-174; Okuyama, T., Sasaki, Y., Kikata, Y., Kawai, N., The seasonal change in growth stress in the tree trunk (1981) Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 27, pp. 350-355; Okuyama, T., Yamamoto, H., Yoshida, M., Hattori, Y., Archer, R.R., Growth stresses in tension wood: Role of microfibrils and lignification (1994) Ann for Sci, 51, pp. 291-300. , 10.1051/forest:19940308; Onaka, F., Studies on compression and tension wood (traduction) (1949) Wood Res, 1, pp. 1-88. , traduction n.p; Sasaki, Y., Okuyama, T., Kikata, Y., The evolution process of the growth stress in the tree. The surface stresses on the tree (1978) Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 24, pp. 140-157. , (in Japenese with English summary); Scurfield, G., Histochemistry of reaction wood cell walls in two species of Eucalyptus and in Tristania Conferta R (1972) Br. Aust. J. Bot., 20, pp. 9-26. , 10.1071/BT9720009 1:CAS:528:DyaE38XltFWksLk%3D; Yamamoto, H., Generation mechanism of growth stresses in wood cell walls: Roles of lignin deposition and cellulose microfibril during cell wall maturation (1998) Wood Sci. Technol., 32, pp. 171-182. , 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXktlKhsb0%3D; Yamamoto, H., Abe, K., Arakawa, Y., Okuyama, T., Gril, J., Role of the gelatinous layer on the origin of the physical properties of the tension wood of Acer sieboldianum (2005) Wood Sci. Technol., 51, pp. 222-233. , 10.1007/s10086-004-0639-x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpslOqurs%3D; Yamamoto, H., Yoshida, M., Okuyama, T., Growth stress controls negative gravitropism in woody plant stems (2002) Planta, 216, pp. 280-292. , 12447542 10.1007/s00425-002-0846-x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXktFOiug%3D%3D; Yang, J.L., Waugh, G., Growth stress, its measurement and effects (2001) Autr. For., 64, pp. 127-135; Yoshida, M., Ohta, H., Yamamoto, H., Okuyama, T., Tensile growth stress and lignin distribution in the cell walls of yellow poplar, Liriodendron tulipifera Linn (2002) Trees, 16, pp. 457-464. , 10.1007/s00468-002-0186-2 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XosFWltro%3D; Yoshida, M., Okuyama, T., Techniques for measuring growth stress (2002) Holzforschung, 56, pp. 461-467. , 10.1515/HF.2002.071 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XovVaru7c%3D			Approved	no
	Call Number	EcoFoG @ webmaster @			Serial	519
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	Author	Clair, B.; Arinero, R.; Leveque, G.; Ramonda, M.; Thibaut, B.
	Title	Imaging the mechanical properties of wood cell wall layers by atomic force modulation microscopy			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	IAWA Journal	Abbreviated Journal	IAWA J.
	Volume	24	Issue	3	Pages	223-230
	Keywords	wood; cell wall; mechanical properties; elastic modulus; tension wood
	Abstract	Atomic Force Microscopy in force modulation mode was used to study the elastic properties of the different fibre wall layers of the tension wood of holm oak and normal wood of boco. The method is based on the measurement of the resonance frequency of the microscope lever in contact with the sample. This frequency is related to the reduced Young modulus E* = E/(1-nu(2)) of the material, supposed to be isotropic. 'Elastic' images of the cell are obtained simultaneously with the topographic images, which allows the observation of the mechanical properties of the cells at a nanometric scale. Layers G, S-1, S-2 and ML can clearly be distinguished. By comparison with known materials an estimation of the absolute modulus is given in the range 5-20 GPa, but should be considered with caution, because the inherent anisotropy of the materials has not been taken into account.
	Address	Univ Montpellier 2, CNRS, UMR 5508, Lab Mecan & Genie Civil, F-34095 Montpellier, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	INT ASSOC WOOD ANATOMISTS	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0928-1541	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ISI:000185049700003			Approved	no
	Call Number	EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @			Serial	270
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	Author	Clair, B.; Déjardin, A.; Pilate, G.; Alméras, T.
	Title	Is the G-layer a tertiary cell wall?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2018	Publication	Frontiers in Plant Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue		Pages	623
	Keywords	Flax; G-layer; Gelatinous layer; Maturation stress; Secondary cell wall; Tension wood; Tertiary cell wall
	Abstract
	Address	LMGC, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Export Date: 31 May 2018			Approved	no
	Call Number	EcoFoG @ webmaster @			Serial	805
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	Author	Clair, B.; Fournier, M.; Prevost, M.F.; Beauchene, J.; Bardet, S.
	Title	Biomechanics of buttressed trees: Bending strains and stresses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	American Journal of Botany	Abbreviated Journal	Am. J. Bot.
	Volume	90	Issue	9	Pages	1349-1356
	Keywords	biomechanics; buttress; Eleaocarpaceae; French Guiana; Sloanea spp.; tropical trees; wood
	Abstract	The different hypotheses about buttress function and formation mainly involve mechanical theory. Forces were applied to two trees of Sloanea spp.. a tropical genus that develops typical thin buttresses. and the three-dimensional strains were measured at different parts of the trunk base. Risks of failure were greater on the buttress sides, where shear and tangential stresses are greater, not on the ridges. in spite of high longitudinal (parallel to the grain) stresses. A simple beam model, computed from the second moment of area of digitized cross sections, is consistent with longitudinal strain variations but cannot predict accurately variations with height. Patterns of longitudinal strain variation along ridges are very different in the two individuals, owing to a pronounced lateral curvature in one specimen. The constant stress hypothesis is discussed based on these results. Without chronological data during the development of the tree. it cannot be proved that buttress formation is activated by stress or strain.
	Address	CIRAD ENGREF INRA, UMR Ecol Forets Guyane, F-97310 Kourou, Guyane Francais, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9122	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ISI:000185459000010			Approved	no
	Call Number	EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @			Serial	244
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	Author	Clair, B.; Ghislain, B.; Prunier, J.; Lehnebach, R.; Beauchene, J.; Alméras, T.
	Title	Mechanical contribution of secondary phloem to postural control in trees: the bark side of the force			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2019	Publication	New Phytologist	Abbreviated Journal	New Phytol
	Volume	221	Issue	1	Pages	209-217
	Keywords	bark; Malvaceae; maturation stress; secondary phloem; tree biomechanics
	Abstract	Summary To grow straight, plants need a motor system that controls posture by generating forces to offset gravity. This motor function in trees was long thought to be only controlled by internal forces induced in wood. Here we provide evidence that bark is involved in the generation of mechanical stresses in several tree species. Saplings of nine tropical species were grown tilted and staked in a shadehouse and the change in curvature of the stem was measured after releasing from the pole and after removing the bark. This first experiment evidenced the contribution of bark in the up-righting movement of tree stems. Combined mechanical measurements of released strains on adult trees and microstructural observations in both transverse and longitudinal/tangential plane enabled us to identify the mechanism responsible for the development of asymmetric mechanical stress in the bark of stems of these species. This mechanism does not result from cell wall maturation like in wood, or from the direct action of turgor pressure like in unlignified organs, but is the consequence of the interaction between wood radial pressure and a smartly organized trellis structure in the inner bark.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (10.1111)	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-646x	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1111/nph.15375			Approved	no
	Call Number	EcoFoG @ webmaster @			Serial	853
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	Author	Clair, B.; Gril, J.; Baba, K.; Thibaut, B.; Sugiyama, J.
	Title	Precautions for the structural analysis of the gelatinous layer in tension wood			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	IAWA Journal	Abbreviated Journal	IAWA J.
	Volume	26	Issue	2	Pages	189-195
	Keywords	artefact; fibre wall; gelatinous layer (G-layer); tension wood
	Abstract	The gelatinous layer (G-layer) of tension wood fibres in hardwood contributes to the mechanical function of the living tree and has significant consequences on properties of solid wood. Its size, shape and structure observed by optical or electron microscopy exhibits characteristic anatomical features. However, we found that sectioning of non-embedded wood samples results in an uncontrolled swelling of the G-layer. In order to assess this artefact, the shape and thickness of the G-layer was monitored by serial sections from an embedded wood sample, from its trimmed transverse face to that located several hundreds of micrometres deep. The results revealed that the initial cutting before embedding produced a border effect responsible for the swollen nature, which is similar to sections from non-embedded material. After a conventional embedding technique was applied, a section of at least 30 micrometres below the trimming surface is required to observe an un-swollen G-layer.
	Address	Kyoto Univ, Res Inst Sustainable Humanosphere, Lab Biomass Morphogenesis & Informat, Kyoto 6110011, Japan, Email: clair@blmgc.univ.montp2.fr
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	INT ASSOC WOOD ANATOMISTS	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0928-1541	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ISI:000229698100003			Approved	no
	Call Number	EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @			Serial	254
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	Author	Clair, B.; Jaouen, G.; Beauchene, J.; Fournier, M.
	Title	Mapping radial, tangential and longitudinal shrinkages and relation to tension wood in discs of the tropical tree Symphonia globulifera			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Holzforschung	Abbreviated Journal	Holzforschung
	Volume	57	Issue	6	Pages	665-671
	Keywords	drying shrinkage; tension wood; Symphonia globulifera L. f.
	Abstract	A method for measuring shrinkage resulting from drying in the three anisotropic directions is developed and tested. Measurements are performed on sawn discs, a technique which simplifies preparation and enables large numbers of measurements. Shrinkage values can be represented as a map of the disc surface. The results indicate that comparisons between shrinkage distribution and tension wood distribution on the discs show a clear relationship and can be measured with relatively high accuracy in reference to the shrinkage map. In the long term, this method could be useful in the timber industry as a means for choosing the direction in which logs are cut depending on their type of wood composition.
	Address	CIRAD ENGREF INRA, UMR Ecol Forets Guyane, Kourou 97379, French Guiana
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0018-3830	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ISI:000186257800016			Approved	no
	Call Number	EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @			Serial	243
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	Author	Clair, B.; Ruelle, J.; Beauchene, J.; Prevost, M.F.; Fournier, M.
	Title	Tension wood and opposite wood in 21 tropical rain forest species 1. Occurrence and efficiency of the G-layer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	IAWA Journal	Abbreviated Journal	IAWA J.
	Volume	27	Issue	3	Pages	329-338
	Keywords	gelatinous layer; G-layer; French Guyana; tropical rain forest; tension wood; wood anatomy
	Abstract	Wood samples were taken from the upper and lower sides of 21 naturally tilted trees from 18 families of angiosperms in the tropical rain forest in French Guyana. The measurement of growth stresses ensured that the two samples were taken from wood tissues in a different mechanical state: highly tensile stressed wood on the upper side, called tension wood, and lower tensile stressed wood on the lower side, called opposite wood. Eight species had tension wood fibres with a distinct gelatinous layer (G-layer). The distribution of gelatinous fibres varied from species to species. One of the species, Casearia javitensis (Flacourtiaceae), showed a peculiar multilayered secondary wall in its reaction wood. Comparison between the stress level and the occurrence of the G-layer indicates that the G-layer is not a key factor in the production of high tensile stressed wood.
	Address	UAG, INRA, ENGREF, CIRAD CNRS,ECOFOG,UMR Ecol Forets Guyane, F-97379 Kourou, Guyana, Email: clair@lmgc.univ-montp2.fr
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	INT ASSOC WOOD ANATOMISTS	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0928-1541	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ISI:000240542400008			Approved	no
	Call Number	EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @			Serial	176
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	Author	Clair, B.; Ruelle, J.; Thibaut, B.
	Title	Relationship between growth stress, mechanical-physical properties and proportion of fibre with gelatinous layer in chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Holzforschung	Abbreviated Journal	Holzforschung
	Volume	57	Issue	2	Pages	189-195
	Keywords	growth stress; longitudinal Young's modulus; shrinkage; normal wood; tension wood; gelatinous layer; Castanea Sativa
	Abstract	A range of mechanical and physical properties were determined for 96 specimens of chestnut wood and for wood types ranging from compression to tension wood; tests included (1) growth stress, (2) longitudinal Young's modulus in green and air-dried states (3) shrinkage in longitudinal and tangential directions. Anatomical observations permitted determination of the proportion of fibres with a gelatinous layer. The influence of these atypical fibres on macroscopic wood properties is examined and discussed. A basic model is proposed to determine their properties in theoretically isolated conditions.
	Address	Univ Montpellier 2, Lab Mecan & Genie Civil, F-34095 Montpellier 5, France, Email: clair@lmgc.univ-montp2.fr
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0018-3830	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ISI:000181797800011			Approved	no
	Call Number	EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @			Serial	274
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	Author	Cochard, H.; Coste, S.; Chanson, B.; Guehl, J.M.; Nicolini, E.
	Title	Hydraulic architecture correlates with bud organogenesis and primary shoot growth in beech (Fagus sylvatica)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Tree Physiology	Abbreviated Journal	Tree Physiol.
	Volume	25	Issue	12	Pages	1545-1552
	Keywords	development; hydraulic conductance; leaf primordia; meristem; xylem
	Abstract	In beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), the number of leaf primordia preformed in the buds determines the length and the type (long versus short) of annual growth units, and thus, branch growth and architecture. We analyzed the correlation between the number of leaf primordia and the hydraulic conductance of the vascular system connected to the buds. Terminal buds of short growth units and axillary buds of long growth units on lower branches of mature trees were examined. Buds with less than four and more than five leaf primordia formed short and long growth units, respectively. Irrespective of the type of growth unit the bud was formed on, the occurrence of a large number of leaf primordia was associated with high xylem hydraulic conductance. Xylem conductance was correlated to the area of the outermost annual ring. These results suggest that organogenesis and primary growth in buds correlates with secondary growth of the growth units and thus with their hydraulic architecture. Possible causal relationships between the variables are discussed.
	Address	INRA UBP, UMR PIAF, F-63039 Clermont Ferrand, France, Email: cochard@clermont.inra.fr
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	HERON PUBLISHING	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0829-318X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	ISI:000234019900008			Approved	no
	Call Number	EcoFoG @ webmaster @			Serial	281
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