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Talaga, S.; Leroy, C.; Céréghino, R.; Dejean, A. |
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Title |
Convergent evolution of intraguild predation in phytotelm-inhabiting mosquitoes |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Evolutionary Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Evol. Ecol. |
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30 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1133-1147 |
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Intraguild predation (IGP) is a type of biological interaction involving the killing and consuming of competing species that exploit similar and often limited resources. This phenomenon is widespread among a great variety of taxonomic groups and has already been reported for mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. Moreover, the larvae of certain mosquito species of the tribe Sabethini have evolved modified mouthparts ending in rigid apical structures signaling their capacity to be effective intraguild predators. We assumed that IGP confers a selective advantage under severe competitive conditions by both providing an immediate energetic gain and reducing potential competition. Because potential competition is likely to increase with decreasing habitat size, we hypothesized that the proportion of species with modified mouthparts would increase in smaller aquatic habitats. We tested this hypothesis by examining the mosquito species naturally associated with phytotelmata of decreasing sizes in French Guiana. We show that the degree of specialization in mosquito-phytotelm associations is high, suggesting a long coevolutive process. Indeed, short-term interaction experiments confirmed that species with modified mouthparts are able to prey upon similarly-sized intraguild prey and are, thus, effective intraguild predators. In addition, these species are larger and associated with smaller phytotelmata than those with typical mouthparts. Moreover, below a certain threshold of phytotelm size, only species with modified mouthparts were present. These results show that IGP confers a selective advantage under severe competitive conditions and results from the coadaptation of mosquito species to their specific phytotelm habitat. The presence of functionally analogous structures in different mosquito genera also implies that IGP has emerged from convergent evolution in small phytotelmata. |
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1573-8477 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ Talaga2016 |
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711 |
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Leroy, C.; Petitclerc, F.; Orivel, J.; Corbara, B.; Carrias, J.-F.; Dejean, A.; Céréghino, R. |
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The influence of light, substrate and seed origin on the germination and establishment of an ant-garden bromeliad |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Plant Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Plant Biol J |
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19 |
Issue |
1 |
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70-78 |
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Aechmea mertensii; bromeliad; French Guiana; germination; plant performance; survival |
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Plant germination and development depend upon a seed's successful dispersal into a suitable habitat and its ability to grow and survive within the surrounding biotic and abiotic environment. The seeds of Aechmea mertensii, a tank-bromeliad species, are dispersed by either Camponotus femoratus or Neoponera goeldii, two ant species that initiate ant gardens (AGs). These two mutualistic ant species influence the vegetative and reproductive traits of the bromeliad through their divergent ecological preferences (i.e. light and substrate). We hypothesised that the seeds dispersed by these two ant species have underlying genetic differences affecting germination, growth and survival of A. mertensii seedlings in different ways. To test this, we used an experimental approach consisting of sowing seeds of A. mertensii: (i) taken from the two AG–ant associations (i.e. seed origin), (ii) in two contrasting light conditions, and (iii) on three different substrates. Light and substrate had significant effects on germination, survival and on eight key leaf traits reflecting plant performance. Seed origin had a significant effect only on germination and on two leaf traits (total dry mass and relative growth rate). Overall, this bromeliad performs better (i.e. high growth and survival rates) when growing both in the shade and in the carton nest developed by C. femoratus ants. These results suggest that the plasticity of the tank bromeliad A. mertensii is mainly due to environment but also to genetic differences related to seed origin, as some traits are heritable. Thus, these two ant species may play contrasting roles in shaping plant evolution and speciation. |
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1438-8677 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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712 |
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Courtois, E.A.; Dexter, K.G.; Paine, C.E.T.; Stien, D.; Engel, J.; Baraloto, C.; Chave, J. |
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Title |
Evolutionary patterns of volatile terpene emissions across 202 tropical tree species |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
Publication |
Ecology and Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ecol Evol |
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6 |
Issue |
9 |
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2854-2864 |
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Chemical defense; French Guiana; herbivory; secondary metabolites; tropical forest |
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Plant responses to natural enemies include formation of secondary metabolites acting as direct or indirect defenses. Volatile terpenes represent one of the most diverse groups of secondary metabolites. We aimed to explore evolutionary patterns of volatile terpene emission. We measured the composition of damage-induced volatile terpenes from 202 Amazonian tree species, spanning the angiosperm phylogeny. Volatile terpenes were extracted with solid-phase micro extraction and desorbed in a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for compound identification. The chemical diversity of the terpene blend showed a strong phylogenetic signal as closely related species emitted a similar number of compounds. Closely related species also tended to have compositionally similar blends, although this relationship was weak. Meanwhile, the ability to emit a given compound showed no significant phylogenetic signal for 200 of 286 compounds, indicating a high rate of diversification in terpene synthesis and/or great variability in their expression. Three lineages (Magnoliales, Laurales, and Sapindales) showed exceptionally high rates of terpene diversification. Of the 70 compounds found in >10% of their species, 69 displayed significant correlated evolution with at least one other compound. These results provide insights into the complex evolutionary history of volatile terpenes in angiosperms, while highlighting the need for further research into this important class of compounds. |
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2045-7758 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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713 |
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Denis, T.; Herault, B.; Jaouen, G.; Brunaux, O.; Guitet, S.; Richard-Hansen, C. |
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Title |
Black Curassow habitat relationships in terra firme forests of the Guiana Shield: A multiscale approach |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
Publication |
The Condor |
Abbreviated Journal |
The Condor |
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118 |
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2 |
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253-273 |
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ABSTRACT The Black Curassow (Crax alector) is a large game bird with Vulnerable conservation status found in north-central South America. We examined its distributional pattern across French Guiana using a large number of environmental descriptors at 3 scales of analysis: landscape, forest type, and microhabitat. We used a hierarchical model with temporary emigration and imperfect detection for data collected by standard distance sampling methods at 35 study sites. At the landscape scale, Black Curassow density decreased with hunting pressure and increased with steeper slopes in both hunted and unhunted areas. Topography appeared to be a good proxy for Black Curassow ecological requirements and probably reflected habitat quality. At the forest scale, population density was negatively correlated with the abundance of palms and Mimosoideae and positively correlated with the abundance of Lauraceae. Botanical families did not directly influence Black Curassow distribution, but rather determined spatial patterns by being markers of a particular forest type. At the microhabitat scale, Black Curassows used hilltops more frequently than other parts of the local topographical gradient. Our multiscale analysis shows that this species' distribution can be explained by biotic or abiotic conditions, regardless of the scale. For conservation, we recommend maintaining connectivity between Black Curassow populations separated by hunted areas. Our predicted densities could be used to adapt hunting quotas across French Guiana's forests. We show that combining field and remote sensing data helps to understand the ecological processes responsible for Black Curassow habitat relationships. |
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American Ornithological Society |
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0010-5422 |
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doi: 10.1650/CONDOR-15-28.1 |
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714 |
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Dejean, A.; Azémar, F.; Libert, M.; Compin, A.; Herault, B.; Orivel, J.; Bouyer, T.; Corbara, B. |
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Ant-lepidopteran associations along African forest edges |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
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The Science of Nature |
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104 |
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1 |
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7 |
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Working along forest edges, we aimed to determine how some caterpillars can co-exist with territorially dominant arboreal ants (TDAAs) in tropical Africa. We recorded caterpillars from 22 lepidopteran species living in the presence of five TDAA species. Among the defoliator and/or nectarivorous caterpillars that live on tree foliage, the Pyralidae and Nymphalidae use their silk to protect themselves from ant attacks. The Notodontidae and lycaenid Polyommatinae and Theclinae live in direct contact with ants; the Theclinae even reward ants with abundant secretions from their Newcomer gland. Lichen feeders (lycaenid; Poritiinae), protected by long bristles, also live among ants. Some lycaenid Miletinae caterpillars feed on ant-attended membracids, including in the shelters where the ants attend them; Lachnocnema caterpillars use their forelegs to obtain trophallaxis from their host ants. Caterpillars from other species live inside weaver ant nests. Those of the genus Euliphyra (Miletinae) feed on ant prey and brood and can obtain trophallaxis, while those from an Eberidae species only prey on host ant eggs. Eublemma albifascia (Erebidae) caterpillars use their thoracic legs to obtain trophallaxis and trophic eggs from ants. Through transfer bioassays of last instars, we noted that herbivorous caterpillars living in contact with ants were always accepted by alien conspecific ants; this is likely due to an intrinsic appeasing odor. Yet, caterpillars living in ant shelters or ant nests probably acquire cues from their host colonies because they were considered aliens and killed. We conclude that co-evolution with ants occurred similarly in the Heterocera and Rhopalocera. |
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1432-1904 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ Dejean2016 |
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717 |
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Ghislain, B.; Nicolini, E.-A.; Romain, R.; Ruelle, J.; Yoshinaga, A.; Alford, M.H.; Clair, B. |
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Multilayered structure of tension wood cell walls in Salicaceae sensu lato and its taxonomic significance |
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2016 |
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Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |
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Bot. J. Linn. Soc. |
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182 |
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4 |
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744-756 |
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Flacourtiaceae; G-layer; multilayered tension wood; reaction wood |
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Salicaceae have been enlarged to include a majority of the species formerly placed in the polyphyletic tropical Flacourtiaceae. Several studies have reported a peculiar and infrequently formed multilayered structure of tension wood in four of the tropical genera. Tension wood is a tissue produced by trees to restore their vertical orientation and most studies have focused on trees developing tension wood by means of cellulose-rich, gelatinous fibres, as in Populus and Salix (Salicaceae s.s.). This study aims to determine if the multilayered structure of tension wood is an anatomical characteristic common in other Salicaceae and, if so, how its distribution correlates to phylogenetic relationships. Therefore, we studied the tension wood of 14 genera of Salicaceae and two genera of Achariaceae, one genus of Goupiaceae and one genus of Lacistemataceae, families closely related to Salicaceae or formerly placed in Flacourtiaceae. Opposite wood and tension wood were compared with light microscopy and three-dimensional laser scanning confocal microscopy. The results indicate that a multilayered structure of tension wood is common in the family except in Salix, Populus and one of their closest relatives, Idesia polycarpa. We suggest that tension wood may be a useful anatomical character in understanding phylogenetic relationships in Salicaceae. Further investigation is still needed on the tension wood of several other putatively close relatives of Salix and Populus, in particular Bennettiodendron, Macrohasseltia and Itoa. |
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1095-8339 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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718 |
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Alméras, T.; Clair, B. |
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Critical review on the mechanisms of maturation stress generation in trees |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
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Journal of the Royal Society Interface |
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J R Soc Interface |
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13 |
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122 |
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Trees control their posture by generating asymmetric mechanical stress around the periphery of the trunk or branches. This stress is produced in wood during the maturation of the cell wall. When the need for reaction is high, it is accompanied by strong changes in cell organization and composition called reaction wood, namely compression wood in gymnosperms and tension wood in angiosperms. The process by which stress is generated in the cell wall during its formation is not yet known, and various hypothetical mechanisms have been proposed in the literature. Here we aim at discriminating between these models. First, we summarize current knowledge about reaction wood structure, state and behaviour relevant to the understanding of maturation stress generation. Then, the mechanisms proposed in the literature are listed and discussed in order to identify which can be rejected based on their inconsistency with current knowledge at the frontier between plant science and mechanical engineering. |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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719 |
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Hein, P.R.G.; Chaix, G.; Clair, B.; Brancheriau, L.; Gril, J. |
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Spatial variation of wood density, stiffness and microfibril angle along Eucalyptus trunks grown under contrasting growth conditions |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
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Trees – Structure and Function |
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30 |
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3 |
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871-882 |
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Sloped terrains tend to produce trees with higher radial variation in wood density while at high wind speeds, the wood tends to present higher stiffness and lower MFA in Eucalyptus. |
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1432-2285 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ Hein2016 |
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720 |
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Stahl, C.; Freycon, V.; Fontaine, S.; Dezecache, C.; Ponchant, L.; Picon-Cochard, C.; Klumpp, K.; Soussana, J.-F.; Blanfort, V. |
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Soil carbon stocks after conversion of Amazonian tropical forest to grazed pasture: importance of deep soil layers |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
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Regional Environmental Change |
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16 |
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7 |
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2059-2069 |
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Recent studies suggest that carbon (C) is stored in the topsoil of pastures established after deforestation. However, little is known about the long-term capacity of tropical pastures to sequester C in different soil layers after deforestation. Deep soil layers are generally not taken into consideration or are underestimated when C storage is calculated. Here we show that in French Guiana, the C stored in the deep soil layers contributes significantly to C stocks down to a depth of 100 cm and that C is sequestered in recalcitrant soil organic matter in the soil below a depth of 20 cm. The contribution of the 50–100 cm soil layer increased from 22 to 31 % with the age of the pasture. We show that long-term C sequestration in C4 tropical pastures is linked to the development of C3 species (legumes and shrubs), which increase both inputs of N into the ecosystem and the C:N ratio of soil organic matter. The deep soil under old pastures contained more C3 carbon than the native forest. If C sequestration in the deep soil is taken into account, our results suggest that the soil C stock in pastures in Amazonia would be higher with sustainable pasture management, in particular by promoting the development of legumes already in place and by introducing new species. |
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1436-378x |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ Stahl2016 |
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721 |
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Morel-Journel, T.; Piponiot, C.; Vercken, E.; Mailleret, L. |
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Evidence for an optimal level of connectivity for establishment and colonization |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
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Biology Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biol Lett |
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12 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
20160704 |
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Dispersal is usually associated with the spread of invasive species, but it also has two opposing effects, one decreasing and the other increasing the probability of establishment. Indeed, dispersal both slows population growth at the site of introduction and increases the likelihood of surrounding habitat being colonized. The connectivity of the introduction site is likely to affect dispersal, and, thus, establishment, according to the dispersal behaviour of individuals. Using individual-based models and microcosm experiments on minute wasps, we demonstrated the existence of a hump-shaped relationship between connectivity and establishment in situations in which individual dispersal resembled a diffusion process. These results suggest that there is an optimal level of connectivity for the establishment of introduced populations locally at the site of introduction, and regionally over the whole landscape. |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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722 |
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