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Öpik, M.; Zobel, M.; Cantero, J.J.; Davison, J.; Facelli, J.M.; Hiiesalu, I.; Jairus, T.; Kalwij, J.M.; Koorem, K.; Leal, M.E.; Liira, J.; Metsis, M.; Neshataeva, V.; Paal, J.; Phosri, C.; Põlme, S.; Reier, Ü.; Saks, Ü.; Schimann, H.; Thiéry, O.; Vasar, M.; Moora, M. |
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Title |
Global sampling of plant roots expands the described molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
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Mycorrhiza |
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23 |
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5 |
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411-430 |
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454-sequencing; Biogeography; Database; Diversity; Fungal macroecology; Glomeromycota |
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We aimed to enhance understanding of the molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) by building a new global dataset targeting previously unstudied geographical areas. In total, we sampled 96 plant species from 25 sites that encompassed all continents except Antarctica. AMF in plant roots were detected by sequencing the nuclear SSU rRNA gene fragment using either cloning followed by Sanger sequencing or 454-sequencing. A total of 204 AMF phylogroups (virtual taxa, VT) were recorded, increasing the described number of Glomeromycota VT from 308 to 341 globally. Novel VT were detected from 21 sites; three novel but nevertheless widespread VT (Glomus spp. MO-G52, MO-G53, MO-G57) were recorded from six continents. The largest increases in regional VT number were recorded in previously little-studied Oceania and in the boreal and polar climatic zones – this study providing the first molecular data from the latter. Ordination revealed differences in AM fungal communities between different continents and climatic zones, suggesting that both biogeographic history and environmental conditions underlie the global variation of those communities. Our results show that a considerable proportion of Glomeromycota diversity has been recorded in many regions, though further large increases in richness can be expected in remaining unstudied areas. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. |
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INRA-Joint Research Unit Ecology of Guiana Forests (Ecofog), campus agronomique, BP 709, 97387 Kourou cedex, French Guiana |
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Export Date: 25 June 2013; Source: Scopus |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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493 |
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Roux, O.; Rossi, V.; Céréghino, R.; Compin, A.; Martin, J.-M.; Dejean, A. |
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How to coexist with fire ants: The roles of behaviour and cuticular compounds |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
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Behavioural Processes |
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98 |
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51-57 |
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Aggressiveness; Cuticular hydrocarbons; Dear enemy phenomenon; Nasty neighbour effect; Species coexistence; Supercoloniality |
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Because territoriality is energetically costly, territorial animals frequently respond less aggressively to neighbours than to strangers, a reaction known as the “dear enemy phenomenon” (DEP). The contrary, the “nasty neighbour effect” (NNE), occurs mainly for group-living species defending resource-based territories. We studied the relationships between supercolonies of the pest fire ant Solenopsis saevissima and eight ant species able to live in the vicinity of its nests plus Eciton burchellii, an army ant predator of other ants. The workers from all of the eight ant species behaved submissively when confronted with S. saevissima (dominant) individuals, whereas the contrary was never true. Yet, S. saevissima were submissive towards E. burchellii workers. Both DEP and NNE were observed for the eight ant species, with submissive behaviours less frequent in the case of DEP. To distinguish what is due to chemical cues from what can be attributed to behaviour, we extracted cuticular compounds from all of the nine ant species compared and transferred them onto a number of S. saevissima workers that were then confronted with untreated conspecifics. The cuticular compounds from three species, particularly E. burchellii, triggered greater aggressiveness by S. saevissima workers, while those from the other species did not. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. |
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Université de Toulouse, UPS, Ecolab, 31062 Toulouse, France |
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Export Date: 1 July 2013; Source: Scopus |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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494 |
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Houel, E.; Fleury, M.; Odonne, G.; Nardella, F.; Bourdy, G.; Vonthron-Sénécheau, C.; Villa, P.; Obrecht, A.; Eparvier, V.; Deharo, E.; Stien, D. |
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Antiplasmodial and anti-inflammatory effects of an antimalarial remedy from the Wayana Amerindians, French Guiana: Takamalaimë (Psidium acutangulum Mart. ex DC., Myrtaceae) |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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Journal of Ethnopharmacology |
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166 |
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279-285 |
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Psidium acutangulum; Plasmodium; Cytokines; Antimalarial; French Guiana; Traditional medicine |
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Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Field investigations highlighted the use of Psidium acutangulum Mart. ex DC (syn. P. persoonii McVaugh), a small tree used by the Wayana Amerindians in Twenke–Taluhwen and Antecume–Pata, French Guiana, for the treatment of malaria, and administered either orally in the form of a decoction or applied externally over the whole body. This use appears limited to the Wayana cultural group in French Guiana and has never been reported anywhere else. Our goal was to evaluate the antimalarial and anti-inflammatory activities of a P. acutangulum decoction to explain the good reputation of this remedy.
Materials and methods:
Interviews with the Wayana inhabitants of Twenke–Taluhwen and Antecume–Pata were conducted within the TRAMAZ project according to the TRAMIL methodology, which is based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of medicinal plant uses. A decoction of dried aerial parts of P. acutangulum was prepared in consistency with the Wayana recipe. In vitro antiplasmodial assays were performed on chloroquine-resistant FcB1 ([3H]-hypoxanthine bioassay) and 7G8 (pLDH bioassay) P. falciparum strains and on chloroquine sensitive NF54 ([3H]-hypoxanthine bioassay) P. falciparum strain. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα) was evaluated on LPS-stimulated human PBMC and NO secretion inhibition was measured on LPS stimulated RAW murine macrophages. Cytotoxicity of the decoction was measured on L6 mammalian cells, PBMCs, and RAW cells. A preliminary evaluation of the in vivo antimalarial activity of the decoction, administered orally twice daily, was assessed by the classical four-day suppressive test against P. berghei NK65 in mice.
Results:
The decoction displayed a good antiplasmodial activity in vitro against the three tested strains, regardless to the bioassay used, with IC50 values of 3.3 µg/mL and 10.3 µg/mL against P. falciparum FcB1 and NF54, respectively and 19.0 µg/mL against P. falciparum 7G8. It also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in vitro in a dose dependent manner. At a concentration of 50 µg/mL, the decoction inhibited the secretion of the following pro-inflammatory cytokines: TNFα (−18%), IL-1β (−58%), IL-6 (−32%), IL-8 (−21%). It also exhibited a mild NO secretion inhibition (−13%) at the same concentration. The decoction was non-cytotoxic against L6 cells (IC50>100 µg/mL), RAW cells and PBMC. In vivo, 150 µL of the decoction given orally twice a day (equivalent to 350 mg/kg/day of dried extract) inhibited 39.7% average parasite growth, with more than 50% of inhibition in three mice over five. The absence of response for the two remaining mice, however, induced a strong standard deviation.
Conclusions:
This study highlighted the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of the decoction of P. acutangulum aerial parts, used by Wayana Amerindians from the Upper-Maroni in French Guiana in case of malaria. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, which may help to explain its use against this disease, was demonstrated using models of artificially stimulated cells. |
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0378-8741 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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649 |
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Houel, E.; Gonzalez, G.; Bessière, J.-M.; Odonne, G.; Eparvier, V.; Deharo, E.; Stien, D. |
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Therapeutic switching: From antidermatophytic essential oils to new leishmanicidal products |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Memorias do Inst. Oswaldo Cruz |
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110 |
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1 |
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106-113 |
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Antifungal agents; Antiparasitic agents; Leishmania; Peritoneal macrophages – sesquiterpenes; Therapeutic switching |
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This study examined whether the antidermatophytic activity of essential oils (EOs) can be used as an indicator for the discovery of active natural products against Leishmania amazonensis. The aerial parts of seven plants were hydrodistilled. Using broth microdilution techniques, the obtained EOs were tested against three strains of dermatophytes (Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum canis). To compare the EOs antifungal and antiparasitic effects, the EOs activities against axenic amastigotes of L. amazonensis were concurrently evaluated. For the most promising EOs, their antileishmanial activities against parasites infecting peritoneal macrophages of BALB/c mice were measured. The most interesting antifungal candidates were the EOs from Cymbopogon citratus, Otacanthus azureus and Protium heptaphyllum, whereas O. azureus, Piper hispidum and P. heptaphyllum EOs exhibited the lowest 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values against axenic amastigotes, thus revealing a certain correspondence between both activities. The P. hispidum EO was identified as the most promising product in the results from the infected macrophages model (IC50: 4.7 μg/mL, safety index: 8). The most abundant compounds found in this EO were sesquiterpenes, notably curzerene and furanodiene. Eventually, the evaluation of the antidermatophytic activity of EOs appears to be an efficient method for identifying new potential drugs for the treatment of L. amazonensis. |
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Export Date: 17 March 2015 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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587 |
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Bertelsmeier, C.; Avril, A.; Blight, O.; Confais, A.; Diez, L.; Jourdan, H.; Orivel, J.; Saint Germès, N.; Courchamp, F. |
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Different behavioural strategies among seven highly invasive ant species |
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2015 |
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Biological Invasions |
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17 |
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8 |
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2491-2503 |
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Ants figure prominently among the worst invasive species because of their enormous ecological and economic impacts. However, it remains to be investigated which species would be behaviourally dominant when confronted with another invasive ant species, should two species be introduced in the same area. In the future, many regions might have suitable environmental conditions for several invasive ant species, as predicted under climate change scenarios. Here, we explored interactions among several highly invasive ant species, which have been shown to have overlapping suitable areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance in interference competition of seven of the world’s worst invasive ant species (Anoplolepis gracilipes, Paratrechina longicornis, Myrmica rubra, Linepithema humile, Lasius neglectus, Wasmannia auropunctata and Pheidole megacephala). We conducted pairwise confrontations, testing the behaviour of each species against each of the six other species (in total 21 dyadic confrontations). We used single worker confrontations and group interactions of 10 versus 10 individuals to establish a dominance hierarchy among these invasive ant species. We discovered two different behavioural strategies among these invasive ants: three species displayed evasive or indifferent behaviour when individuals or groups were confronted (A. gracilipes, Pa. longicornis, M. rubra), while the four remaining species were highly aggressive during encounters and formed a linear dominance hierarchy. These findings contrast with the widespread view that invasive ants form a homogeneous group of species displaying the ‘invasive syndrome’, which includes generally aggressive behaviour. The dominance hierarchy among the four aggressive species may be used to predict the outcome of future competitive interactions under some circumstances. Yet, the existence of several behavioural strategies renders such a prediction less straightforward. |
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1573-1464 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ Bertelsmeier2015 |
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650 |
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ter Steege, H.; Pitman, N.C.A.; Killeen, T.J.; Laurance, W.F.; Peres, C.A.; Guevara, J.E.; Salomão, R.P.; Castilho, C.V.; Amaral, I.L.; de Almeida Matos, F.D.; de Souza Coelho, L.; Magnusson, W.E.; Phillips, O.L.; de Andrade Lima Filho, D.; de Jesus Veiga Carim, M.; Irume, M.V.; Martins, M.P.; Molino, J.-F.; Sabatier, D.; Wittmann, F.; López, D.C.; da Silva Guimarães, J.R.; Mendoza, A.M.; Vargas, P.N.; Manzatto, A.G.; Reis, N.F.C.; Terborgh, J.; Casula, K.R.; Montero, J.C.; Feldpausch, T.R.; Honorio Coronado, E.N.; Montoya, A.J.D.; Zartman, C.E.; Mostacedo, B.; Vasquez, R.; Assis, R.L.; Medeiros, M.B.; Simon, M.F.; Andrade, A.; Camargo, J.L.; Laurance, S.G.W.; Nascimento, H.E.M.; Marimon, B.S.; Marimon, B.-H.; Costa, F.; Targhetta, N.; Vieira, I.C.G.; Brienen, R.; Castellanos, H.; Duivenvoorden, J.F.; Mogollón, H.F.; Piedade, M.T.F.; Aymard C., G.A.; Comiskey, J.A.; Damasco, G.; Dávila, N.; García-Villacorta, R.; Diaz, P.R.S.; Vincentini, A.; Emilio, T.; Levis, C.; Schietti, J.; Souza, P.; Alonso, A.; Dallmeier, F.; Ferreira, L.V.; Neill, D.; Araujo-Murakami, A.; Arroyo, L.; Carvalho, F.A.; Souza, F.C.; Amaral, D.D. do; Gribel, R.; Luize, B.G.; Pansonato, M.P.; Venticinque, E.; Fine, P.; Toledo, M.; Baraloto, C.; Cerón, C.; Engel, J.; Henkel, T.W.; Jimenez, E.M.; Maas, P.; Mora, M.C.P.; Petronelli, P.; Revilla, J.D.C.; Silveira, M.; Stropp, J.; Thomas-Caesar, R.; Baker, T.R.; Daly, D.; Paredes, M.R.; da Silva, N.F.; Fuentes, A.; Jørgensen, P.M.; Schöngart, J.; Silman, M.R.; Arboleda, N.C.; Cintra, B.B.L.; Valverde, F.C.; Di Fiore, A.; Phillips, J.F.; van Andel, T.R.; von Hildebrand, P.; Barbosa, E.M.; de Matos Bonates, L.C.; de Castro, D.; de Sousa Farias, E.; Gonzales, T.; Guillaumet, J.-L.; Hoffman, B.; Malhi, Y.; de Andrade Miranda, I.P.; Prieto, A.; Rudas, A.; Ruschell, A.R.; Silva, N.; Vela, C.I.A.; Vos, V.A.; Zent, E.L.; Zent, S.; Cano, A.; Nascimento, M.T.; Oliveira, A.A.; Ramirez-Angulo, H.; Ramos, J.F.; Sierra, R.; Tirado, M.; Medina, M.N.U.; van der Heijden, G.; Torre, E.V.; Vriesendorp, C.; Wang, O.; Young, K.R.; Baider, C.; Balslev, H.; de Castro, N.; Farfan-Rios, W.; Ferreira, C.; Mendoza, C.; Mesones, I.; Torres-Lezama, A.; Giraldo, L.E.U.; Villarroel, D.; Zagt, R.; Alexiades, M.N.; Garcia-Cabrera, K.; Hernandez, L.; Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I.; Milliken, W.; Cuenca, W.P.; Pansini, S.; Pauletto, D.; Arevalo, F.R.; Sampaio, A.F.; Valderrama Sandoval, E.H.; Gamarra, L.V. |
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Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species |
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2015 |
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Science Advances |
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1 |
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10 |
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Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict that most of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century. |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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Rossi, V.;Dolley, T.; Cornu, G.; Guitet, S.;Herault, B. |
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GuyaSim : un outil d’aide à la décision pour l’aménagement d’un territoire forestier, la Guyane |
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2015 |
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Bois et Forets des Tropiques |
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326 |
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4 |
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67-78 |
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GIS software; scenarios; ecosystem services; simulator; biodiversity; carbon stock; biomass; logging; deforestation; land use changes; tropical forest; French Guiana |
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Planning policies for rapid development in French Guiana will require the conversion of forested areas, thus contributing to glo- bal warming. Guiana’s policy-makers will need to integrate the preservation of eco- system services into their planning deci- sions. The GuyaSim project was conduc- ted to produce more in-depth knowledge on these services (carbon sequestration, biodiversity and soil quality) and to trans- fer a software application, GuyaSim, to policy-makers to facilitate the use of this knowledge in the development of plan- ning policies. This article presents the characteristics of the application. Guya- Sim is a freeware package of the GIS type designed initially for local authority plan- ners and forestry departments in French Guiana. The application has two main functions:
information delivery and sup-
port for planning decisions. The informa- tion provided includes socio-economic development scenarios, climate scenarios and valuations of ecosystem services. The decision-support component consists of tools for building planning scenarios (land use changes) and forestry scenarios (log- ging), with information on their environ- mental impacts. The functionalities of the software are currently limited by the state of knowledge on Guiana’s ecosystems. Advances made through current research projects are expected to upgrade the application in the medium term. |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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666 |
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Lenoir, A.; Boulay, R.; Dejean, A.; Touchard, A.; Cuvillier-Hot, V. |
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Phthalate pollution in an Amazonian rainforest |
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2016 |
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Environmental Science and Pollution Research |
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23 |
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16 |
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16865-16872 |
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Phthalates are ubiquitous contaminants and endocrine-disrupting chemicals that can become trapped in the cuticles of insects, including ants which were recognized as good bioindicators for such pollution. Because phthalates have been noted in developed countries and because they also have been found in the Arctic, a region isolated from direct anthropogenic influence, we hypothesized that they are widespread. So, we looked for their presence on the cuticle of ants gathered from isolated areas of the Amazonian rainforest and along an anthropogenic gradient of pollution (rainforest vs. road sides vs. cities in French Guiana). Phthalate pollution (mainly di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) was higher on ants gathered in cities and along road sides than on those collected in the pristine rainforest, indicating that it follows a human-mediated gradient of disturbance related to the use of plastics and many other products that contain phthalates in urban zones. Their presence varied with the ant species; the cuticle of Solenopsis saevissima traps higher amount of phthalates than that of compared species. However, the presence of phthalates in isolated areas of pristine rainforests suggests that they are associated both with atmospheric particles and in gaseous form and are transported over long distances by wind, resulting in a worldwide diffusion. These findings suggest that there is no such thing as a “pristine” zone. |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ Lenoir2016 |
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700 |
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Piponiot, C.; Sist, P.; Mazzei, L.; Peña-Claros, M.; Putz, F.E.; Rutishauser, E.; Shenkin, A.; Ascarrunz, N.; de Azevedo, C.P.; Baraloto, C.; França, M.; Guedes, M.; Honorio Coronado, E.N.; d'Oliveira, M.V.N.; Ruschel, A.R.; da Silva, K.E.; Doff Sotta, E.; de Souza, C.R.; Vidal, E.; West, T.A.P.; Herault, B. |
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Carbon recovery dynamics following disturbance by selective logging in Amazonian forests |
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2016 |
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eLife |
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5 |
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e21394 |
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When 2 Mha of Amazonian forests are disturbed by selective logging each year, more than 90 Tg of carbon (C) is emitted to the atmosphere. Emissions are then counterbalanced by forest regrowth. With an original modelling approach, calibrated on a network of 133 permanent forest plots (175 ha total) across Amazonia, we link regional differences in climate, soil and initial biomass with survivors' and recruits' C fluxes to provide Amazon-wide predictions of post-logging C recovery. We show that net aboveground C recovery over 10 years is higher in the Guiana Shield and in the west (21{plus minus}3 MgC ha-1) than in the south (12{plus minus}3 MgC ha-1) where environmental stress is high (low rainfall, high seasonality). We highlight the key role of survivors in the forest regrowth and elaborate a comprehensive map of post-disturbance C recovery potential in Amazonia. |
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eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd |
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Trumbore, S. |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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Liang, J.; Crowther, T.W.; Picard, N.; Wiser, S.; Zhou, M.; Alberti, G.; Schulze, E.-D.; McGuire, A.D.; Bozzato, F.; Pretzsch, H.; de-Miguel, S.; Paquette, A.; Herault, B.; Scherer-Lorenzen, M.; Barrett, C.B.; Glick, H.B.; Hengeveld, G.M.; Nabuurs, G.-J.; Pfautsch, S.; Viana, H.; Vibrans, A.C.; Ammer, C.; Schall, P.; Verbyla, D.; Tchebakova, N.; Fischer, M.; Watson, J.V.; Chen, H.Y.H.; Lei, X.; Schelhaas, M.-J.; Lu, H.; Gianelle, D.; Parfenova, E.I.; Salas, C.; Lee, E.; Lee, B.; Kim, H.S.; Bruelheide, H.; Coomes, D.A.; Piotto, D.; Sunderland, T.; Schmid, B.; Gourlet-Fleury, S.; Sonké, B.; Tavani, R.; Zhu, J.; Brandl, S.; Vayreda, J.; Kitahara, F.; Searle, E.B.; Neldner, V.J.; Ngugi, M.R.; Baraloto, C.; Frizzera, L.; Bałazy, R.; Oleksyn, J.; Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, T.; Bouriaud, O.; Bussotti, F.; Finér, L.; Jaroszewicz, B.; Jucker, T.; Valladares, F.; Jagodzinski, A.M.; Peri, P.L.; Gonmadje, C.; Marthy, W.; O’Brien, T.; Martin, E.H.; Marshall, A.R.; Rovero, F.; Bitariho, R.; Niklaus, P.A.; Alvarez-Loayza, P.; Chamuya, N.; Valencia, R.; Mortier, F.; Wortel, V.; Engone-Obiang, N.L.; Ferreira, L.V.; Odeke, D.E.; Vasquez, R.M.; Lewis, S.L.; Reich, P.B. |
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Title |
Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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354 |
Issue |
6309 |
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The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem productivity has been explored in detail in herbaceous vegetation, but patterns in forests are far less well understood. Liang et al. have amassed a global forest data set from >770,000 sample plots in 44 countries. A positive and consistent relationship can be discerned between tree diversity and ecosystem productivity at landscape, country, and ecoregion scales. On average, a 10% loss in biodiversity leads to a 3% loss in productivity. This means that the economic value of maintaining biodiversity for the sake of global forest productivity is more than fivefold greater than global conservation costs.Science, this issue p. 196INTRODUCTIONThe biodiversity-productivity relationship (BPR; the effect of biodiversity on ecosystem productivity) is foundational to our understanding of the global extinction crisis and its impacts on the functioning of natural ecosystems. The BPR has been a prominent research topic within ecology in recent decades, but it is only recently that we have begun to develop a global perspective.RATIONALEForests are the most important global repositories of terrestrial biodiversity, but deforestation, forest degradation, climate change, and other factors are threatening approximately one half of tree species worldwide. Although there have been substantial efforts to strengthen the preservation and sustainable use of forest biodiversity throughout the globe, the consequences of this diversity loss pose a major uncertainty for ongoing international forest management and conservation efforts. The forest BPR represents a critical missing link for accurate valuation of global biodiversity and successful integration of biological conservation and socioeconomic development. Until now, there have been limited tree-based diversity experiments, and the forest BPR has only been explored within regional-scale observational studies. Thus, the strength and spatial variability of this relationship remains unexplored at a global scale.RESULTSWe explored the effect of tree species richness on tree volume productivity at the global scale using repeated forest inventories from 777,126 permanent sample plots in 44 countries containing more than 30 million trees from 8737 species spanning most of the global terrestrial biomes. Our findings reveal a consistent positive concave-down effect of biodiversity on forest productivity across the world, showing that a continued biodiversity loss would result in an accelerating decline in forest productivity worldwide.The BPR shows considerable geospatial variation across the world. The same percentage of biodiversity loss would lead to a greater relative (that is, percentage) productivity decline in the boreal forests of North America, Northeastern Europe, Central Siberia, East Asia, and scattered regions of South-central Africa and South-central Asia. In the Amazon, West and Southeastern Africa, Southern China, Myanmar, Nepal, and the Malay Archipelago, however, the same percentage of biodiversity loss would lead to greater absolute productivity decline.CONCLUSIONOur findings highlight the negative effect of biodiversity loss on forest productivity and the potential benefits from the transition of monocultures to mixed-species stands in forestry practices. The BPR we discover across forest ecosystems worldwide corresponds well with recent theoretical advances, as well as with experimental and observational studies on forest and nonforest ecosystems. On the basis of this relationship, the ongoing species loss in forest ecosystems worldwide could substantially reduce forest productivity and thereby forest carbon absorption rate to compromise the global forest carbon sink. We further estimate that the economic value of biodiversity in maintaining commercial forest productivity alone is $166 billion to $490 billion per year. Although representing only a small percentage of the total value of biodiversity, this value is two to six times as much as it would cost to effectively implement conservation globally. These results highlight the necessity to reassess biodiversity valuation and the potential benefits of integrating and promoting biological conservation in forest resource management and forestry practices worldwide.Global effect of tree species diversity on forest productivity.Ground-sourced data from 777,126 global forest biodiversity permanent sample plots (dark blue dots, left), which cover a substantial portion of the global forest extent (white), reveal a consistent positive and concave-down biodiversity-productivity relationship across forests worldwide (red line with pink bands representing 95% confidence interval, right).The biodiversity-productivity relationship (BPR) is foundational to our understanding of the global extinction crisis and its impacts on ecosystem functioning. Understanding BPR is critical for the accurate valuation and effective conservation of biodiversity. Using ground-sourced data from 777,126 permanent plots, spanning 44 countries and most terrestrial biomes, we reveal a globally consistent positive concave-down BPR, showing that continued biodiversity loss would result in an accelerating decline in forest productivity worldwide. The value of biodiversity in maintaining commercial forest productivity alone—US$166 billion to 490 billion per year according to our estimation—is more than twice what it would cost to implement effective global conservation. This highlights the need for a worldwide reassessment of biodiversity values, forest management strategies, and conservation priorities. |
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