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	Author	Brémaud, I.; El Kaïm, Y.; Guibal, D.; Minato, K.; Thibaut, B.; Gril, J.
	Title	Characterisation and categorisation of the diversity in viscoelastic vibrational properties between 98 wood types			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Annals of Forest Science	Abbreviated Journal	Ann. Forest Sci.
	Volume	69	Issue	3	Pages	373-386
	Keywords	Damping coefficient; Dynamic mechanical properties; Specific dynamic modulus of elasticity; Specific gravity; Viscoelastic vibrational properties; Wood diversity
	Abstract	· Context Increased knowledge on diversity in wood properties would have implications both for fundamental research and for promoting a diversification of uses as material. · Aims The objective is to contribute to overcoming the critical lack of data on the diversity of wood dynamic mechanical/viscoelastic vibrational properties by testing lesser known species and categorising sources of variability. · Methods Air-dry axial specific dynamic modulus of elasticity (E′/γ) and damping coefficient (tand) were measured on a wide sampling (1,792 specimens) of 98 wood types from 79 species. An experimental device and protocol was designed for conducting systematic (i.e. rapid and reproducible) characterisations. · Results Diversity at the specimens' level corroborates the “standard” relationship between tanδ and E'/γ, which is discussed in terms of orientation of wood elements and of chemical composition. Diversity at the species level is expressed on the basis of results for normal heartwood, with specific gravity (γ) ranging from 0.2 to 1.3. Axial E'/γ ranges from 9 to 32 GPa and tand from 4×10 -3 to 19×10 -3. Properties distribution follows a continuum, but with group characteristics. The lowest values of tanδ are only found in certain tropical hardwoods. Results can also suggest alternative species for musical instruments making. · Conclusion The variations in specific gravity, in stiffness or in “viscosity” appear to be predominantly linked to different levels of diversity: between species or between wood types (reaction wood or taxonomy-related differences in heartwood extractives). © INRA/Springer-Verlag France 2011.
	Address	Wood Laboratory, EMPA, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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	Notes	Export Date: 20 June 2012; Source: Scopus; Coden: Afosf; doi: 10.1007/s13595-011-0166-z; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Brémaud, I.; Wood Laboratory, EMPA, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; email: iris_bremaud@hotmail.com			Approved	no
	Call Number	EcoFoG @ webmaster @			Serial	403
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	Author	McLean, J.P.; Arnould, O.; Beauchene, J.; Clair, B.
	Title	The effect of the G-layer on the viscoelastic properties of tropical hardwoods			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Annals of Forest Science	Abbreviated Journal	Ann. Forest Sci.
	Volume	69	Issue	3	Pages	399-408
	Keywords	Dma; G-layer; Reaction wood; Tropical wood; Viscoelasticity
	Abstract	· Context and aim This study aimed to examine the effect of the tension wood G-layer on the viscoelastic properties of wood. · Methods Tension wood and opposite wood samples were obtained from six French Guianese tropical rainforest species (Sextonia rubra, Ocotea guyanensis, Inga alba, Tachigali melinoni, Iyranthera sagotiana and Virola michelii); the tension wood of the former three of these species had a Glayer, whilst the tension wood from the latter three had no Glayer. Tensile dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was performed on green never dried wood samples in the longitudinal direction with samples submerged in a water bath at a temperature (30°C) and frequency (1 Hz) representative of the conditions experienced by wood within a living tree. Then, DMA was repeated with samples conditioned to an air-dried state. Finally, samples were oven-dried to measure longitudinal shrinkage. · Results Tension wood did not always have a higher longitudinal storage (elastic) modulus than opposite wood from the same tree regardless of the presence or absence of a G-layer. For the species containing a G-layer, tension wood had a higher damping coefficient and experienced a greater longitudinal shrinkage upon drying than opposite wood from the same species. No difference was found in damping coefficients between tension wood and opposite wood for the species that had no G-layer. · Conclusion It is proposed that the different molecular composition of the G-layer matrix has an influence on the viscoelasticity of wood, even if a biomechanical gain is not yet clear. This study shows that rheological properties and longitudinal shrinkage can be used to detect the presence of a G-layer in tension wood. © INRA/Springer-Verlag France 2011.
	Address	UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (ECOFOG), CIRAD, Kourou, French Guiana
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	Notes	Export Date: 20 June 2012; Source: Scopus; Coden: Afosf; doi: 10.1007/s13595-011-0164-1; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: McLean, J.P.; Forest Products Research Institute, Edinburgh Napier University, Merchiston Campus, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, United Kingdom; email: p.mclean@napier.ac.uk			Approved	no
	Call Number	EcoFoG @ webmaster @			Serial	404
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	Author	Letort, V.; Heuret, P.; Zalamea, P.-C.; De Reffye, P.; Nicolini, E.
	Title	Analysing the effects of local environment on the source-sink balance of Cecropia sciadophylla: A methodological approach based on model inversion			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Annals of Forest Science	Abbreviated Journal	Ann. Forest Sci.
	Volume	69	Issue	2	Pages	167-180
	Keywords	Cecropia; Functional-structural model; Model inversion; Morphology; Trophic competition
	Abstract	Context Functional-structural models (FSM) of tree growth have great potential in forestry, but their development, calibration and validation are hampered by the difficulty of collecting experimental data at organ scale for adult trees. Due to their simple architecture and morphological properties, “model plants” such as Cecropia sciadophylla are of great interest to validate new models and methodologies, since exhaustive descriptions of their plant structure and mass partitioning can be gathered. Aims Our objective was to develop a model-based approach to analysing the influence of environmental conditions on the dynamics of trophic competition within C. sciadophylla trees. Methods We defined an integrated environmental factor that includes meteorological medium-frequency variations and a relative index representing the local site conditions for each plant. This index is estimated based on model inversion of the GreenLab FSM using data from 11 trees for model calibration and 7 trees for model evaluation. Results The resulting model explained the dynamics of biomass allocation to different organs during the plant growth, according to the environmental pressure they experienced. Perspectives By linking the integrated environmental factor to a competition index, an extension of the model to the population level could be considered. © INRA and Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011.
	Address	UMR ECOFOG Campus Agronomique, INRA, BP 316, 97379 Kourou cedex, French Guiana
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	Notes	Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 20 June 2012; Source: Scopus; Coden: Afosf; doi: 10.1007/s13595-011-0131-x; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Letort, V.; Department of Applied Mathematics and Systems (MAS), Ecole Centrale Paris, Grande voie des Vignes, Chatenay-Malabry 92295, France; email: veronique.letort@centraliens.net			Approved	no
	Call Number	EcoFoG @ webmaster @			Serial	405
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	Author	Nicolini, E.; Beauchene, J.; De La Vallee, B.L.; Ruelle, J.; Mangenet, T.; Heuret, P.
	Title	Dating branch growth units in a tropical tree using morphological and anatomical markers: The case of Parkia velutina Benoist (Mimosoïdeae)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Annals of Forest Science	Abbreviated Journal	Ann. Forest Sci.
	Volume	69	Issue	5	Pages	543-555
	Keywords	Crown development; Deciduousness; Dendrochronology; French Guiana; Growth ring; Phenology; Tree architecture; Wood anatomy
	Abstract	• Context In tropical areas, studies based on the retrospective analysis of tree development have focused principally on growth ring research. The interpretation of primary growth markers is overlooked although it opens perspectives to provide long time-series on tree-crown development. • Aims This study focused on Parkia velutina, an emergent tree of neotropical rain forests. Our objectives were (1) to characterize the phenological cycle of this species, and (2) to identify temporally interpretable morphological and anatomical markers. • Methods We collected dominant branches in 14 adult trees and identified growth markers that limit longitudinal and radial increments. We coupled this approach with a 2-year phenological survey of 20 trees. • Results Leaf shedding, growth unit elongation and growth ring formation define the phenological cycle. At tree scale, this cycle is synchronous and affects all axes. At population scale, trees can be desynchronized. This cycle is annual despite some slight variability. Successive growth units and growth rings are easily identifiable. • Conclusion Dating a branch by counting the number of growth units or growth rings is possible in many years with a reasonable error. Nevertheless, estimating their precise month of formation in order to study climatic influences remains difficult. © INRA/Springer-Verlag France 2012.
	Address	INRA, UMR AMAP, TA A-51/PS2, Montpellier 34398, France
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	Notes	Export Date: 27 September 2012; Source: Scopus; Coden: Afosf; doi: 10.1007/s13595-011-0172-1; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Nicolini, E.; Unité Mixte de Recherche CIRAD-CNRS-INRA-IRD-Université Montpellier 2, BotAnique et BioinforMatique de l'Architecture des Plantes (AMAP), BP 701, Kourou 97387, French Guiana; email: eric-andre.nicolini@cirad.fr			Approved	no
	Call Number	EcoFoG @ webmaster @			Serial	436
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	Author	Scotti, I.; Montaigne, W.; Cseke, K.; Traissac, S.
	Title	RaBoT: A rarefaction-by-bootstrap method to compare genome-wide levels of genetic diversity			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Annals of Forest Science	Abbreviated Journal	Ann. Forest Sci.
	Volume	70	Issue	6	Pages	631-635
	Keywords	Diversity comparison; Genome scan; Genome-level diversity; Population genetics; Statistical testing
	Abstract	Context: No efficient method is available to compare multi-locus estimates of diversity while taking into account inter-locus and inter-population stochastic variance. The advent of genome scan approaches makes the development of such tests absolutely necessary. Aims: We developed a method to compare genome-wide diversity estimates while taking into account – and factoring out – variation in census size and making use of inter-locus variance to assess significance of differences in diversity levels. Methods: An approach based on rarefaction with bootstrap re-sampling (RaBoT) was implemented into a test of multi-locus comparison of diversity coded in R. The properties of the test were studied by applying it to simulated populations with varying diversity levels and varying differences in diversity levels. The test was then applied to empirical data from disturbed and undisturbed populations of Virola michelii (Myristicaceae) genotyped at 693 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Results: RaBoT was found to be rather conservative, with large numbers of false negatives when the diversity in the compared populations was similar, and false positives mostly associated to comparisons of populations with extremely high levels of diversity. When applied to empirical data, RaBoT detected higher genetic diversity in a post-disturbance than in an undisturbed population and lower genetic diversity in a seedling than in the corresponding adult population, but it also revealed differences in diversity between subgroups within the disturbed and undisturbed plots. Conclusion: RaBoT is a sensitive method to compare multi-locus levels of diversity that can be applied both at the genotype level for dominant markers (e.g. AFLP) and at the allele level for biallelic codominant markers (e.g. single-nucleotide polymorphisms). © 2013 INRA and Springer-Verlag France.
	Address	Unité Mixte de Recherche ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), AgroParisTech, Kourou, French Guiana
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	Notes	Export Date: 30 August 2013; Source: Scopus; Coden: Afosf; doi: 10.1007/s13595-013-0302-z; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Scotti, I.; Unité Mixte de Recherche ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, BP 709, 97387 Kourou cedex, French Guiana; email: ivan.Scotti@ecofog.gf			Approved	no
	Call Number	EcoFoG @ webmaster @			Serial	498
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	Author	Clair, B.; Alteyrac, J.; Gronvold, A.; Espejo, J.; Chanson, B.; Alméras, T.
	Title	Patterns of longitudinal and tangential maturation stresses in Eucalyptus nitens plantation trees			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Annals of Forest Science	Abbreviated Journal	Ann. Forest Sci.
	Volume	70	Issue	8	Pages	801-811
	Keywords	Eucalyptus nitens; G-layer; Longitudinal maturation stress; Maturation strain; Tangential maturation stress; Tension wood
	Abstract	Context: Tree orientation is controlled by asymmetric mechanical stresses set during wood maturation. The magnitude of maturation stress differs between longitudinal and tangential directions, and between normal and tension woods. Aims: We aimed at evaluating patterns of maturation stress on eucalypt plantation trees and their relation with growth, with a focus on tangential stress evaluation. Methods: Released maturation strains along longitudinal and tangential directions were measured around the circumference of 29 Eucalyptus nitens trees, including both straight and leaning trees. Results: Most trees produced asymmetric patterns of longitudinal maturation strain, but more than half of the maturation strain variability occurred between trees. Many trees produced high longitudinal tensile stress all around their circumference. High longitudinal tensile stress was not systematically associated with the presence of gelatinous layer. The average magnitude of released longitudinal maturation strain was found negatively correlated to the growth rate. A methodology is proposed to ensure reliable evaluation of released maturation strain in both longitudinal and tangential directions. Tangential strain evaluated with this method was lower than previously reported. Conclusion: The stress was always tensile along the longitudinal direction and compressive along the tangential direction, and their respective magnitude was positively correlated. This correlation does not result from a Poisson effect but may be related to the mechanism of maturation stress generation. © 2013 # The Author(s) 2013. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com.
	Address	Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepcion, Ciudad Universitaria, Concepcion, Chile
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	Notes	Export Date: 16 December 2013; Source: Scopus; Coden: Afosf; doi: 10.1007/s13595-013-0318-4; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Clair, B.; CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), Campus Agronomique, BP 701, 97387 Kourou, French Guiana; email: bruno.clair@univ-montp2.fr; Funding Details: ANR-12-BS09-0004, French National Research Agency; References: Alméras, T., Fournier, M., Biomechanical design and long-term stability of trees: Morphological and wood traits involved in the balance between weight increase and the gravitropic reaction (2009) J Theor Biol, 256, pp. 370-381. , 19013473 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.10.011; Alméras, T., Thibaut, A., Gril, J., Effect of circumferential heterogeneity of wood maturation strain, modulus of elasticity and radial growth on the regulation of stem orientation in trees (2005) Trees, 19, pp. 457-467. , 10.1007/s00468-005-0407-6; Archer, R.R., (1986) Growth Stresses and Strains in Trees, , Springer Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg/New York; Archer, R.R., On the origin of growth stresses in trees. Part 1: Micro mechanics of the developing cambial cell wall. Wood Sci (1987) Technol., 21, pp. 139-154; Baillères, H., Chanson, B., Fournier, M., Tollier, M.T., Monties, B., Structure, composition chimique et retraits de maturation du bois chez les clones d' Eucalyptus (1995) Ann Sci for, 52, pp. 157-172. , 10.1051/forest:19950206; Bergman, R., Cai, Z., Carll, C.G., Clausen, C.A., Ma, D., Falk, R.H., Frihart, C.R., Star, (2010) Wood Handbook: Wood As An Engineering Material, , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory., Washington D.C. (USA)/Madison, WI, (USA); Biechele, T., Nutto, L., Becker, G., Growth strain in Eucalyptus nitens at different stages of development (2009) Silva Fennica, 43, pp. 669-679; Bonser, R.H.C., Ennos, A.R., Measurement of prestrain in trees:implications for the determination of safety factors (1998) Funct Ecol, 12, pp. 971-974. , 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00279.x; Boyd, J.D., Tree growth stresses – Part I: Growth stress evaluation (1950) Austr. J. Sci. Res. Series B, Biological Sciences, 3, pp. 270-293; Boyd, J.D., Tree growth stresses – Part II: The development of shakes and other visual failure in timber (1950) Aust. J. App. Sci., 1, pp. 296-312; Clair, B., Alméras, T., Sugiyama, J., Compression stress in opposite wood of angiosperms: Observations in chestnut, mani and poplar (2006) Ann for Sci, 63, pp. 507-510. , 10.1051/forest:2006032; Clair, B., Ruelle, J., Beauchêne, J., Prevost, M.F., Fournier, M., Tension wood and opposite wood in 21 tropical rain forest species. 1. Occurence and efficiency of G-layer (2006) IAWA J, 27, pp. 329-338; Clair, B., Ruelle, J., Thibaut, B., Relationship between growth stress, mechano-physical properties and proportion of fibre with gelatinous layer in Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) (2003) Holzforschung, 57, pp. 189-195. , 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjs1ensr8%3D; Coutand, C., Fournier, M., Moulia, B., The gravitropic response of poplar trunks: Key roles of prestressed wood regulation and the relative kinetics of cambial growth versus wood maturation (2007) Plant Physiol, 144, pp. 1166-1180. , 17468227 10.1104/pp.106.088153 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmvValtbg%3D; Fang, C.-H., Clair, B., Gril, J., Liu, S.-Q., Growth stresses are highly controlled by the amount of G-layer in poplar tension wood (2008) IAWA J, 29, pp. 237-246. , 10.1163/22941932-90000183; Ferrand, J.C., Study of growth stresses. 1. Measurement method on increment cores (1982) Ann Sci for, 39, pp. 109-142. , 10.1051/forest:19820201 (in French with English summary); Ferrand, J.C., Study of growth stresses. 2. Variations in the forest of growth stresses of beech (Fagus sylvatica) (1982) Ann Sci for, 39, pp. 187-218. , 10.1051/forest:19820301 (in French with English summary); Ferrand, J.C., Study of growth stresses. 3. Eucalyptus dedegatensis and Eucalyptus nitens – Influence of sylviculture and site index (1982) Ann Sci for, 39, pp. 355-378. , 10.1051/forest:19820402 (in French with English summary); Fournier, M., Chanson, B., Thibaut, B., Guitard, D., Measurement of residual growth strains at the stem surface. Observations of different species (1994) Ann. For. Sci., 51, pp. 249-266. , 10.1051/forest:19940305 (in French with English summary); Gerard, J., Bailleres, H., Fournier, M., Thibaut, B., Wood quality in plantation Eucalyptus – A study of variation in three reference properties (1995) Bois For. Trop, 245, pp. 101-110. , (in French with English summary); Giordano, G., Curro, P., Ghisi, G., Contribution of internal stresses in wood of Eucalyptus (1969) Wood Sci Technol, 3, pp. 1-13. , 10.1007/BF00349980; Jacobs, M.R., The fibre tension of woody stems, with special reference to the genus Eucalyptus (1938) Bull. Com. For. Bur, 22, p. 37; Jacobs, M.R., (1945) The Growth Stresses of Woody Stems, , Commonwealth Forestry Bureau Canberra, Australia; Jullien, D., Laghdir, A., Gril, J., Modelling log-end cracks due to growth stresses: Calculation of the elastic energy release rate (2003) Holzforschung, 57, pp. 407-414. , 10.1515/HF.2003.060 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntFeksrk%3D; Jullien, D., Gril, J., Growth strain assessment at the periphery of small-diameter trees using the two-grooves method: Influence of operating parameters estimated by numerical simulations (2008) Wood Sci. Technol., 42, pp. 551-565. , 10.1007/s00226-008-0202-9 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtVOiu7jL; Jullien, D., Widmann, R., Loup, C., Thibaut, B., Relationship between tree morphology and growth stress in mature European beech stands (2013) Ann for Sci, 68, pp. 681-688; Kubler, H., Studies on growth stresses in trees – Part I: The origin of growth stresses and the stresses in transverse direction (1959) Holz Als Roh- Und Werkstoff, 17, pp. 1-9. , 10.1007/BF02608827; Kubler, H., Growth stresses in trees and related wood properties (1987) For. Abst., 48, pp. 131-189; Moulia, B., Coutand, C., Lenne, C., Posture control and skeletal mechanical acclimation in terrestrial plants: Implications for mechanical modelling of plant architecture (2006) Am J Bot, 93, pp. 1477-1489. , 21642095 10.3732/ajb.93.10.1477; Nicholson, J., A rapid method for estimating the longitudinal growth stress in logs (1971) Wood Sci. Technol., 5, pp. 40-48. , 10.1007/BF00363119; Nicholson, J.E., Growth stress differences in Eucalypts (1973) For Sci, 19, pp. 169-174; Okuyama, T., Sasaki, Y., Kikata, Y., Kawai, N., The seasonal change in growth stress in the tree trunk (1981) Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 27, pp. 350-355; Okuyama, T., Yamamoto, H., Yoshida, M., Hattori, Y., Archer, R.R., Growth stresses in tension wood: Role of microfibrils and lignification (1994) Ann for Sci, 51, pp. 291-300. , 10.1051/forest:19940308; Onaka, F., Studies on compression and tension wood (traduction) (1949) Wood Res, 1, pp. 1-88. , traduction n.p; Sasaki, Y., Okuyama, T., Kikata, Y., The evolution process of the growth stress in the tree. The surface stresses on the tree (1978) Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 24, pp. 140-157. , (in Japenese with English summary); Scurfield, G., Histochemistry of reaction wood cell walls in two species of Eucalyptus and in Tristania Conferta R (1972) Br. Aust. J. Bot., 20, pp. 9-26. , 10.1071/BT9720009 1:CAS:528:DyaE38XltFWksLk%3D; Yamamoto, H., Generation mechanism of growth stresses in wood cell walls: Roles of lignin deposition and cellulose microfibril during cell wall maturation (1998) Wood Sci. Technol., 32, pp. 171-182. , 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXktlKhsb0%3D; Yamamoto, H., Abe, K., Arakawa, Y., Okuyama, T., Gril, J., Role of the gelatinous layer on the origin of the physical properties of the tension wood of Acer sieboldianum (2005) Wood Sci. Technol., 51, pp. 222-233. , 10.1007/s10086-004-0639-x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpslOqurs%3D; Yamamoto, H., Yoshida, M., Okuyama, T., Growth stress controls negative gravitropism in woody plant stems (2002) Planta, 216, pp. 280-292. , 12447542 10.1007/s00425-002-0846-x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXktFOiug%3D%3D; Yang, J.L., Waugh, G., Growth stress, its measurement and effects (2001) Autr. For., 64, pp. 127-135; Yoshida, M., Ohta, H., Yamamoto, H., Okuyama, T., Tensile growth stress and lignin distribution in the cell walls of yellow poplar, Liriodendron tulipifera Linn (2002) Trees, 16, pp. 457-464. , 10.1007/s00468-002-0186-2 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XosFWltro%3D; Yoshida, M., Okuyama, T., Techniques for measuring growth stress (2002) Holzforschung, 56, pp. 461-467. , 10.1515/HF.2002.071 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XovVaru7c%3D			Approved	no
	Call Number	EcoFoG @ webmaster @			Serial	519
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	Author	Ghislain, B.; Alméras, T.; Prunier, J.; Clair, B.
	Title	Contributions of bark and tension wood and role of the G-layer lignification in the gravitropic movements of 21 tropical tree species			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2019	Publication	Annals of Forest Science	Abbreviated Journal	Ann. Forest Sci.
	Volume	76	Issue	4	Pages	107
	Keywords	Bark; Biomechanics; G-layer; Lignification; Tension wood; Tropical rainforest; Magnoliophyta
	Abstract	Key message: Gravitropic movements in angiosperm woody stems are achieved through the action of bark and/or wood motor, depending on the bark and wood fibre anatomy (with trellis structure or not; with G-layers or not). Bark motor is as efficient as wood motor to recover from tilting in young trees of 21 tropical species. Context: Angiosperm trees produce tension wood to control their orientation through changes in stem curvature. Tension wood is classified into 3 anatomical groups: with unlignified G-layer, with lignified G-layer and without G-layer. Aims: This study aimed at assessing whether this anatomical diversity reflects a diversity in efficiency of gravitropic movement. Methods: The study was conducted on tropical seedling from the three anatomical groups. Seedlings were staked and grown tilted. At the end of the experiment, changes in curvature when releasing the stem from the stake and when removing bark were measured. Three parameters were computed to compare the global efficiency of gravitropism (stem gravitropic efficiency) and the specific efficiency of motor mechanism based on wood (maturation strain of tension wood) and bark (standardized debarking curvature). Results: The maturation strain of tension wood was similar between species with unlignified and lignified G-layer. Species without G-layer exhibited low maturation strain and large debarking curvature, showing they rely on bark for gravitropism. Bark and wood achieved similar motor efficiency. Conclusion: Lignin does not affect the generation of tensile stress in the G-layer. Bark can be as efficient as wood as a motor of gravitropic movements. © 2019, The Author(s).
	Address	Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil (LMGC), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, 34095, France
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	ISSN	12864560 (Issn)	ISBN		Medium
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	Call Number	EcoFoG @ webmaster @			Serial	900
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	Author	Ziegler, C.; Coste, S.; Stahl, C.; Delzon, S.; Levionnois, S.; Cazal, J.; Cochard, H.; Esquivel-Muelbert, A.; Goret, J.-Y.; Heuret, P.; Jaouen, G.; Santiago, L.S.; Bonal, D.
	Title	Large hydraulic safety margins protect Neotropical canopy rainforest tree species against hydraulic failure during drought			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2019	Publication	Annals of Forest Science	Abbreviated Journal	Ann. Forest Sci.
	Volume	76	Issue	4	Pages	115
	Keywords	Amazon rainforest; Embolism resistance; Hydraulic safety margins; Turgor loss point; Water potential
	Abstract	Key message: Abundant Neotropical canopy-tree species are more resistant to drought-induced branch embolism than what is currently admitted. Large hydraulic safety margins protect them from hydraulic failure under actual drought conditions. Context: Xylem vulnerability to embolism, which is associated to survival under extreme drought conditions, is being increasingly studied in the tropics, but data on the risk of hydraulic failure for lowland Neotropical rainforest canopy-tree species, thought to be highly vulnerable, are lacking. Aims: The purpose of this study was to gain more knowledge on species drought-resistance characteristics in branches and leaves and the risk of hydraulic failure of abundant rainforest canopy-tree species during the dry season. Methods: We first assessed the range of branch xylem vulnerability to embolism using the flow-centrifuge technique on 1-m-long sun-exposed branches and evaluated hydraulic safety margins with leaf turgor loss point and midday water potential during normal- and severe-intensity dry seasons for a large set of Amazonian rainforest canopy-tree species. Results: Tree species exhibited a broad range of embolism resistance, with the pressure threshold inducing 50% loss of branch hydraulic conductivity varying from − 1.86 to − 7.63 MPa. Conversely, we found low variability in leaf turgor loss point and dry season midday leaf water potential, and mostly large, positive hydraulic safety margins. Conclusions: Rainforest canopy-tree species growing under elevated mean annual precipitation can have high resistance to embolism and are more resistant than what was previously thought. Thanks to early leaf turgor loss and high embolism resistance, most species have a low risk of hydraulic failure and are well able to withstand normal and even severe dry seasons. © 2019, The Author(s).
	Address	Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	12864560 (Issn)	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	EcoFoG @ webmaster @			Serial	901
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	Author	Lang, G.; Marcon, E.; Puech, F.
	Title	Distance-based measures of spatial concentration: introducing a relative density function			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2020	Publication	Annals of Regional Science	Abbreviated Journal	Ann. Reg. Sci.
	Volume	64	Issue	2	Pages	243-265
	Keywords	Agglomeration; Aggregation; Economic geography; Point patterns; Spatial concentration; accuracy assessment; econometrics; economic activity; economic geography; industrial agglomeration; industrial location; location decision; spatial analysis; spatial distribution
	Abstract	For more than a decade, distance-based methods have been widely employed and constantly improved in spatial economics. These methods are a very useful tool for accurately evaluating the spatial distribution of economic activity. We introduce a new distance-based statistical measure for evaluating the spatial concentration of industries. The m function is the first relative density function to be proposed in economics. This tool supplements the typology of distance-based methods recently drawn up by Marcon and Puech (J Econ Geogr 3(4):409–428, 2003). By considering several simulated and real examples, we show the advantages and the limits of the m function for detecting spatial structures in economics. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
	Address	RITM, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay and CREST, Sceaux, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	05701864 (Issn)	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	EcoFoG @ webmaster @			Serial	976
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	Author	Faucheux, M.J.; Gibernau, M.
	Title	Antennal sensilla in five Psychodini moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Psychodinae) pollinators of Arum spp. (Araceae)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France	Abbreviated Journal	Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr.
	Volume	47	Issue	1-2	Pages	89-100
	Keywords	Chodopsycha; Deceptive pollination; Logima; Psycha; Psychoda
	Abstract	The pollination of the genus Arum (Araceae) is mainly achieved by deception, the floral odour mimicking the pollinator ovipositing site. In order to discover the sensory organs involved in this attraction, we have studied the antennae of five species of psychodine moth-flies (former Psychoda sensu lato = Psychodini), pollinators of Arum spp. The antennae of the five Psychodini reveal seven types of sensilla: multiporous tribranched sensilla basiconica (sensilla ascoidea), multiporous sensilla basiconica, multiporous sensilla coeloconica, multiporous sensilla auricillica, uniporous sensilla basiconica, aporous sensilla chaetica, aporous Böhm's sensilla. Each species possesses three, five or six of these sensillum types. All the multiporous sensilla are probably olfactory receptors while the uniporous sensilla basiconica must possess a contact chemoreceptive function. The multiporous tribranched sensilla basiconica (s. ascoidea), present in all the species, are the best candidates for the reception of the odours given off by the ovipositing sites and the inflorescences of Arum. The multiporous sensilla basiconica and the multiporous sensilla coeloconica may be involved respectively as CO2 receptors or thermoreceptors. Psychoda phalaenoides, which is the main pollinator of A. maculatum, is the species which possesses the largest number of antennal sensilla. The sexual dimorphism, studied only in Psycha grisescens, as concerns the number of sensilla and the absence of a sensillum type which differ according to sex, is difficult to interpret.
	Address	CNRS – Ecofog UMR 8172, BP 709, F-97387 Kourou, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	00379271 (Issn)	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Export Date: 26 October 2011; Source: Scopus; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Faucheux, M.J.; Université de Nantes, Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie des Insectes Sociaux, 2 rue de la Houssinière, F-44322 Nantes Cedex 03, France; email: faucheux.michel@free.fr			Approved	no
	Call Number	EcoFoG @ webmaster @			Serial	365
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