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Donald, Julian ; Murienne, Jérôme ; Chave, Jérome ; Iribar, Amaia ; Louisanna, Eliane ; Manzi, Sophie ; Roy, Melanie ; Tao, Shengli ; Orivel, Jérome ; Schimann, Heidy; Zinger, Lucie |
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Title |
Multi-taxa environmental DNA inventories reveal distinct taxonomic and functional diversity in urban tropical forest fragments |
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Journal Article |
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2021 |
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Global Ecology and Conservation |
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29 |
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e01724 |
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Urban expansion and associated habitat transformation drives shifts in biodiversity, with declines in taxonomic and functional diversity. Forests fragments within urban landscapes offer a number of ecosystem services, and help to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Here, we focus on a tropical forest environment, and on the soil biota. Using eDNA metabarcoding, we compare forest fragments within the city of Cayenne, French Guiana, with a neighbouring continuous undisturbed forest. We wished to determine if urban forest fragments conserve high levels of alpha and beta diversity as well as similar functional composition for plants, soil animals, fungi and bacteria. We found that alpha diversity is similar across habitats for plants and fungi, lower in urban forests for metazoans and higher for bacteria. We also found that urban forests communities differ from undisturbed forests in their taxonomic composition, with urban forests exhibiting greater turnover between fragments potentially caused by ecological drift and limited dispersal. However, their functional composition exhibited limited differences, with an enrichment of palms, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria and a depletion of climber plants and termites. Thus, although urban forest fragments do shelter soil biodiversity that differs from native forests, the losses of soil functions may be relatively limited. This study demonstrates the strong potential of a multi-taxa eDNA approach for rapid inventories across taxonomic kingdoms, in particular for cryptic soil diversity. It also demonstrates the key role of urban forest fragments in conserving biodiversity and ecosystem function, and points to a need for more systematic monitoring of these areas in urban management plans. |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1025 |
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Derroire, Géraldine ; Piponiot, Camille ; Descroix, Laurent ; Bedeau, Caroline ; Traissac, Stéphane ; Brunaux, Olivier ; Hérault, Bruno |
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Prospective carbon balance of the wood sector in a tropical forest territory using a temporally-explicit model |
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2021 |
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Forest Ecology and Management |
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497 |
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Exploitation forestière, Production du bois, Modélisation environnementale, planification de la gestion forestière, forêt tropicale, Aménagement forestier, Plantations, Évaluation de l'impac |
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Selective logging in tropical forests is often perceived as a source of forest degradation and carbon emissions. Improved practices, such as reduced-impact logging (RIL), and alternative timber production strategies (e.g. plantations) can drastically change the overall carbon impact of the wood production sector. Assessing the carbon balance of timber production is crucial but highly dependent on methodological approaches, especially regarding system boundaries and temporality. We developed a temporally-explicit and territory scale model of carbon balance calibrated with long-term local data using Bayesian inference. The model accounts for carbon fluxes from selective logging in natural forest, timber plantation, first transformation and avoided emissions through energy substitution. We used it to compare prospective scenarios of development for the wood sector in French Guiana. Results show that intensification of practices, through increased logging intensity conducted with RIL and establishment of timber plantations, are promising development strategies to reduce the carbon emissions of the French-Guianese wood sector, as well as the area needed for wood production and hence the pressure on natural forests. By reducing logging damage by nearly 50%, RIL allows increasing logging intensity in natural forest from 20 m3 ha−1 to 30 m3 ha−1 without affecting the carbon balance. The use of logging byproducts as fuelwood also improved the carbon balance of selective logging, when substituted to fossil fuel. Allocating less than 30 000 ha to plantation would allow producing 200 000 m3 of timber annually, while the same production in natural forest would imply logging more than 400 000 ha over 60 years. Timber plantation should be preferentially established on non-forested lands, as converting natural forests to plantation leads to high carbon emission peak over the first three decades. We recommend a mixed-strategy combining selective logging in natural forests and plantations as a way to improve long-term carbon balance while reducing short-term emissions. This strategy can reduce the pressure on natural forests while mitigating the risks of changing practices and allowing a diversified source of timber for a diversity of uses. It requires adaptation of the wood sector and development of technical guidelines. Research and monitoring efforts are also needed to assess the impacts of changing practices on other ecosystem services, especially biodiversity conservation. |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1019 |
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Hiltner, Ulrike ; Huth, Andreas ; Hérault, Bruno ; Holtmann, Anne ; Brauning, Achim ; Fischer, Rico |
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Climate change alters the ability of neotropical forests to provide timber and sequester carbon |
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Journal Article |
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2021 |
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Forest Ecology and Management |
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492 |
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119166 |
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Exploitation forestière ; Changement climatique ; séquestration du carbone ; Production du bois ; Atténuation des effets du changement climatique ; gestion forestière durable ; forêt tropicale ; Région néotropicale ; Biomasse ; biomasse aérienne des arbres ; gestion de la santé des forêts ; modèle de croissance forestière ; biodiversité forestière |
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Logging is widespread in tropical regions, with approximately 50% of all humid tropical forests (1.73 × 109 ha) regarded as production forests. To maintain the ecosystem functions of carbon sequestration and timber supply in tropical production forests over a long term, forest management must be sustainable under changing climate conditions. Individual-based forest models are useful tools to enhance our understanding about the long-term effects of harvest and climate change on forest dynamics because they link empirical field data with simulations of ecological processes. The objective of this study is to analyze the combined effects of selective logging and climate change on biomass stocks and timber harvest in a tropical forest in French Guiana. By applying a forest model, we simulated natural forest dynamics under the baseline scenario of current climate conditions and compared the results with scenarios of selective logging under climate change. The analyses revealed how substantially forest dynamics are altered
under different scenarios of climate change. (1) Repeated logging within recovery times decreased biomass and timber harvest, irrespective of the intensity of climate change. (2) With moderate climate change as envisaged by the 5th IPCC Assessment Report (representative concentration pathway 2.6), the average biomass remained the same as in the baseline scenario (−1%), but with intensive climate change (RCP 8.5), the average biomass decreased by 12%. (3) The combination of selective logging and climate change increased the likelihood of changes in forest dynamics, driven mainly by rising temperatures. Under RCP 8.5, the average timber harvest was almost halved, regardless of the logging cycle applied. An application-oriented use of forest models will help to identify opportunities to reduce the effects of unwanted ecosystem changes in a changing environment. To ensure that ecosystem functions in production forests are maintained under climate change conditions, appropriate management strategies will help to maintain biomass and harvest in production forests. |
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Elsevier B.V. |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1016 |
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Amani, Bienvenu H.K. ; N'Guessan, Anny E. ; Derroire, Géraldine ; N'dja, Justin K. ; Elogne, Aka G. M. ; Traoré, Karidia ; Zo-Bi, Irie C. ; Hérault, Bruno |
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The potential of secondary forests to restore biodiversity of the lost forests in semi-deciduous West Africa |
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Journal Article |
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2021 |
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Biological Conservation |
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259 |
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In West Africa, more than 80% of the original forest cover has disappeared due to the exponential growth of human populations in a recurrent search for new agricultural land. Once the fertility of the land is exhausted, these areas are abandoned and left to be reforested through natural succession. Despite the widespread presence of secondary forests of various ages in West African landscapes, little is known about the trajectories of recovery and the environmental factors that influence recovery rates. We set up 96 0.2 ha forest plots, along a chronosequence of 1 to 40 years and including 7 controls, on which all trees larger than 2.5 cm in diameter at breast height were inventoried. We modelled the recovery trajectories of four complementary dimensions of biodiversity (richness, diversity, composition, indicators of old-growth forest) in a Bayesian framework. Our results show that the four dimensions of biodiversity recover at different rates, with composition recovering much faster than floristic diversity. Among the local, landscape, and historical factors studied, the number of remnants and proximity to old-growth forests have a positive impact on recovery rates, with, under good environmental conditions, the composition, richness, and diversity being almost completely recovered in less than 25 years. Our results demonstrate the very high resilience of the composition of the semi-deciduous forests of West Africa, but also suggest that the management of these post-forest areas must be differentiated according to the landscape context and the presence of isolated trees, which are the last vestiges of the former forest. In unfavourable conditions, natural dynamics should be assisted by agroforestry practices and local tree planting to allow for a rapid restoration of forest goods and services to local populations. |
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Elsevier B.V. |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1010 |
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Cecilia Blundo ; Julieta Carilla ; Ricardo Grau ; Agustina Malizia ; Lucio Malizia ; Oriana Osinaga-Acosta ; Michael Bird ; Bradford, Matt ; Damien Catchpole ; Andrew Ford ; Andrew Graham ; David Hilbert ; Jeanette Kemp ; Susan Laurance ; William Laurance ; Francoise Yoko Ishida ; Andrew Marshall ; Catherine Waite ; Hannsjoerg Woell ; Jean-Francois Bastin ; Marijn Bauters ; Hans Beeckman ; Pfascal Boeckx ; Jan Bogaert ; Charles De Canniere ; Thales de Haulleville ; Jean-Louis Doucet ; Olivier Hardy ; Wannes Hubau ; Elizabeth Kearsley ; Hans Verbeeck ; Jason Vleminckx ; Steven W. Brewer ; Alfredo Alarc´on ; Alejandro Araujo-Murakami ; Eric Arets ; Luzmila Arroyo ; Ezequiel Chavez ; Todd Fredericksen ; Ren´e Guill´en Villaroel ; Gloria Gutierrez Sibauty ; Timothy Killeen ; Juan Carlos Licona ; John Lleigue ; Casimiro Mendoza ; Samaria Murakami ; Alexander Parada Gutierrez ; Guido Pardo ; Marielos Pena-Claros ; Lourens Poorter ; Marisol Toledo ; Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo ; Laura Jessica Viscarra ; Vincent Vos ; Jorge Ahumada ; Everton Almeida ; Jarcilene Almeida aq, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira ; Wesley Alves da Cruz ; Atila Alves de Oliveira ; Fabrício Alvim Carvalho ; Flavio Amorim Obermuller ; Ana Andrade ; Fernanda Antunes Carvalho ; Simone Aparecida Vieira ; Ana Carla Aquino ; Luiz Aragao ; Ana Claudia Araújo ; Marco Antonio Assis ; Jose Ataliba Mantelli Aboin Gomes ; Fabrício Baccaro ; Plínio Barbosa de Camargo ; Paulo Barni ; Jorcely Barroso ; Luis Carlos Bernacci ; Kauane Bordin ; Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros ; Igor Broggio ; Jose Luís Camargo ; Domingos Cardoso ; Maria Antonia Carniello ; Andre Luis Casarin Rochelle ; Carolina Castilho ; Antonio Alberto Jorge Farias Castro ; Wendeson Castro ; Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro ; Flavia Costa ; Rodrigo Costa de Oliveira ; Italo Coutinho ; John Cunha ; Lola da Costa ; Lucia da Costa Ferreira ; Richarlly da Costa Silva ; Marta da Graça Zacarias Simbine ; Vitor de Andrade Kamimura ; Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima ; Lia de Oliveira Melo ; Luciano de Queiroz ; Jose Romualdo de Sousa Lima ; Mario do Espírito Santo ; Tomas Domingues ; Nayane Cristina dos Santos Prestes ; Steffan Eduardo Silva Carneiro ; Fernando Elias ; Gabriel Eliseu ; Thaise Emilio ; Camila Laís Farrapo ; Letícia Fernandes ; Gustavo Ferreira ; Joice Ferreira ; Leandro Ferreira ; Socorro Ferreira ; Marcelo Fragomeni Simon ; Maria Aparecida Freitas ; Queila S. García ; Angelo Gilberto Manzatto ; Paulo Graça ; Frederico Guilherme ; Eduardo Hase ; Niro Higuchi ; Mariana Iguatemy ; Reinaldo Imbrozio Barbosa ; Margarita Jaramillo |
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Taking the pulse of Earth’s tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots |
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Journal Article |
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2021 |
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Biological Conservation |
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260 |
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parcelle, forêt tropicale, biodiversité forestière, Écosystème forestier, Écologie forestière, Changement de couvert végétal, Couvert forestier |
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Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests. |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1021 |
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Nixon, Samantha A. ; Robinson, Samuel D. ; Agwa, Akello, J. ; Walker, Andrew A. ; Choudhay, Shivani ; Touchard, Axel ; Undheim, Eivind A.B. ; Robertson, Alan ; Vetter, Irina ; Schroeder, Christina I. ; Kotze, Andrew C. ; Herzig, Volker ; King, Glenn F. |
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Multipurpose peptides: The venoms of Amazonian stinging ants contain anthelmintic ponericins with diverse predatory and defensive activities |
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2021 |
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Biochemical Pharmacology |
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192 |
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114693 |
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In the face of increasing drug resistance, the development of new anthelmintics is critical for controlling nematodes that parasitise livestock. Although hymenopteran venom toxins have attracted attention for applications in agriculture and medicine, few studies have explored their potential as anthelmintics. Here we assessed hymenopteran venoms as a possible source of new anthelmintic compounds by screening a panel of ten hymenopteran venoms against Haemonchus contortus, a major pathogenic nematode of ruminants. Using bioassay-guided fractionation coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we identified four novel anthelmintic peptides (ponericins) from the venom of the neotropical ant Neoponera commutata and the previously described ponericin M−PONTX−Na1b from Neoponera apicalis venom. These peptides inhibit H. contortus development with IC50 values of 2.8–5.6 μM. Circular dichroism spectropolarimetry indicated that the ponericins are unstructured in aqueous solution but adopt α-helical conformations in lipid mimetic environments. We show that the ponericins induce non-specific membrane perturbation, which confers broad-spectrum antimicrobial, insecticidal, cytotoxic, hemolytic, and algogenic activities, with activity across all assays typically correlated. We also show for the first time that ponericins induce spontaneous pain behaviour when injected in mice. We propose that the broad-spectrum activity of the ponericins enables them to play both a predatory and defensive role in neoponeran ants, consistent with their high abundance in venom. This study reveals a broader functionality for ponericins than previously assumed, and highlights both the opportunities and challenges in pursuing ant venom peptides as potential therapeutics. |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1031 |
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Leponce, Maurice ; Corbara, Bruno ; Delabie, Jacques H.C. ; Orivel, Jérome ; Aberlenc, Henri-Pierre ; Bail, Johannes ; Barrios, Hector ; Campos, Ricardo I. ; Cardoso do Nascimento, Ivan ; Compin, Arthur ; Didham, Raphaël K. ; Floren, Andreas ; Medianero, Enrique ; Ribeiro, Sérvio P. ; Roisin, Yves ; Schmidl, Juergen ; Tishechkin, Alexey K. ; Winchester, Neville N. ; Basset, Yves ; Dejean, Alain |
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Spatial and functional structure of an entire ant assemblage in a lowland Panamanian rainforest |
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2021 |
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Basic and Applied |
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56 |
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32-44 |
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Ants are a major ecological group in tropical rainforests. Few studies in the Neotropics have documented the distribution of ants from the ground to the canopy, and none have included the understorey. A previous analysis of an intensive arthropod study in Panama, involving 11 sampling methods, showed that the factors influencing ant β diversity (i.e., changes in assemblage composition) were, in decreasing order of importance, the vertical (height), temporal (season), and horizontal (geographic distance) dimensions. In the present study, we went one step further and aimed (1) to identify the best sampling methods to study the entire ant assemblage across the three strata, (2) to test if all strata show a similar horizontal β diversity and (3) to analyze the functional structure of the entire ant assemblage. We identified 405 ant species from 11 subfamilies and 68 genera. Slightly more species were sampled in the canopy than on the ground; they belonged to distinct sub-assemblages. The understorey fauna was mainly a mixture of species found in the other two strata. The horizontal β diversity between sites was similar for the three strata. About half of the ant species foraged in two (29%) or three (25%) strata. A single method, aerial flight interception traps placed alongside tree trunks, acting as arboreal pitfall traps, collected half of the species and reflected the vertical stratification. Using the functional traits approach, we observed that generalist species with mid-sized colonies were by far the most numerous (31%), followed by ground- or litter-dwelling species, either specialists (20%), or generalists (16%), and arboreal species, either generalists (19%) or territorially dominant (8%), and finally army ants (5%). Our results reinforce the idea that a proper understanding of the functioning of ant assemblages requires the inclusion of arboreal ants in survey programs. |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1026 |
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Maggia, Marie-Eugénie ; Decaëns, Thibaud ; Lapied, Emmanuel ; Dupont, Lise ; Roy, Virginie ; Schimann, Heidy ; Orivel, Jérome ; Murienne, Jérôme ; Baraloto, Christophier ; Cottenie, Karl ; Steinke, Dirk |
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At each site its diversity: DNA barcoding reveals remarkable earthworm diversity in neotropical rainforests of French Guiana |
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2021 |
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Applied Soil Ecology |
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164 |
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103932 |
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DNA barcoding Tropical rainforest Community ecology Diversity level Sampling methods |
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Despite their recognized essential role in soil, earthworms in tropical environments are still understudied. The aim of this study was to re-evaluate the diversity at the regional scale, as well as to investigate the environmental and spatial drivers of earthworm communities. We sampled earthworm communities across a range of habitats at six localities in French Guiana using three different sampling methods. We generated 1675 DNA barcodes and combined them with data from a previous study. Together, all sequences clustered into 119 MOTUs which were used as proxy to assess species richness. Only two MOTUs were common between the six localities and 20.2% were singletons, showing very high regional species richness and a high number of rare species. A canonical redundancy analysis was used to identify key drivers of the earthworm community composition. The RDA results and beta-diversity calculations both show strong species turnover and a strong spatial effect, resulting from dispersal limitations that are responsible for the current community composition. Sampling in different microhabitats allowed the discovery of 23 MOTUs that are exclusively found in decaying trunks and epiphytes, highlighting hidden diversity of earthworms outside of soil. |
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1055 |
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Vacher, Corinne ; Castagneyrol, Bastien ; Jousselin, Emmanuelle ; Schimann, Heidy |
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Trees and Insects Have Microbiomes: Consequences for Forest Health and Management |
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2021 |
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Current Forestry Reports |
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Purpose of Review Forest research has shown for a long time that microorganisms influence tree-insect interactions, but the complexity of microbial communities, as well as the holobiont nature of both trees and insect herbivores, has only recently been taken fully into account by forest entomologists and ecologists. In this article, we review recent findings on the effects of tree-insect-microbiome interactions on the health of tree individuals and discuss whether and how knowledge about tree and insect microbiomes could be integrated into forest health management strategies. We then examine the effects tree-insect-microbiome interactions on forest biodiversity and regeneration, highlighting gaps in our knowledge at the ecosystem scale. Recent Findings Multiple studies show that herbivore damage in forest ecosystems is clearly influenced by tripartite interactions between trees, insects and their microbiomes. Recent research on the plant microbiome indicates that microbiomes of planted trees could be managed at several stages of production, from seed orchards to mature forests, to improve the resistance of forest plantations to insect pests. Therefore, the tree microbiome could potentially be fully integrated into forest health management strategies. To achieve this aim, future studies will have to combine, as has long been done in forest research, holistic goals with reductionist approaches. Efforts should be made to improve our understanding of how microbial fluxes between trees and insects determine the health of forest ecosystems, and to decipher the underlying mechanisms, through the development of experimental systems in which microbial communities can be manipulated. Knowledge about tree-insect-microbiome interactions should then be integrated into spatial models of forest dynamics to move from small-scale mechanisms to forest ecosystem-scale predictions. |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1059 |
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Levionnois, Sébastien ; Ziegler, Camille ; Heuret, Patrick ; Jansen, Steven ; Stahl, Clément ; Calvet, Emma ; Goret, Jean-Yves ; Bonal, Damien ; Coste, Sabrina |
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Is vulnerability segmentation at the leaf‑stem transition a drought resistance mechanism? A theoretical test with a trait‑based model for Neotropical canopy tree species |
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2021 |
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Annals of Forest Science |
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78 |
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4 |
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78-87 |
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Neotropics, bark, canopy, capacitance, drought, drought tolerance, embolism, leaves, models, transpiration, trees, tropical rain forests, xylem |
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Leaf-stem vulnerability segmentation predicts lower xylem embolism resistance in leaves than stem. However, although it has been intensively investigated these past decades, the extent to which vulnerability segmentation promotes drought resistance is not well understood. Based on a trait-based model, this study theoretically supports that vulnerability segmentation enhances shoot desiccation time across 18 Neotropical tree species. CONTEXT: Leaf-stem vulnerability segmentation predicts lower xylem embolism resistance in leaves than stems thereby preserving expensive organs such as branches or the trunk. Although vulnerability segmentation has been intensively investigated these past decades to test its consistency across species, the extent to which vulnerability segmentation promotes drought resistance is not well understood. AIMS: We investigated the theoretical impact of the degree of vulnerability segmentation on shoot desiccation time estimated with a simple trait-based model. METHODS: We combined data from 18 tropical rainforest canopy tree species on embolism resistance of stem xylem (flow-centrifugation technique) and leaves (optical visualisation method). Measured water loss under minimum leaf and bark conductance, leaf and stem capacitance, and leaf-to-bark area ratio allowed us to calculate a theoretical shoot desiccation time (tcᵣᵢₜ). RESULTS: Large degrees of vulnerability segmentation strongly enhanced the theoretical shoot desiccation time, suggesting vulnerability segmentation to be an efficient drought resistance mechanism for half of the studied species. The difference between leaf and bark area, rather than the minimum leaf and bark conductance, determined the drastic reduction of total transpiration by segmentation during severe drought. CONCLUSION: Our study strongly suggests that vulnerability segmentation is an important drought resistance mechanism that should be better taken into account when investigating plant drought resistance and modelling vegetation. We discuss future directions for improving model assumptions with empirical measures, such as changes in total shoot transpiration after leaf xylem embolism. |
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