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Dezecache, Camille; Faure, Emmanuel; Gond, Valéry; Salles, Jean-Michel; Vieilledent, Ghislain; Herault, Bruno |
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Gold-rush in a forested El Dorado: deforestation leakages and the need for regional cooperation |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
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Environmental Research Letters |
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12 |
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3 |
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034013 |
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Tropical forests of the Guiana Shield are the most affected by gold-mining in South America, experiencing an exponential increase in deforestation since the early 2000’s. Using yearly deforestation data encompassing Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and the Brazilian State of Amapá, we demonstrated a strong relationship between deforestation due to gold-mining and gold-prices at the regional scale. In order to assess additional drivers of deforestation due to gold-mining, we focused on the national scale and highlighted the heterogeneity of the response to gold-prices under different political contexts. Deforestation due to gold-mining over the Guiana Shield occurs mainly in Guyana and Suriname. On the contrary, past and current repressive policies in Amapá and French Guiana likely contribute to the decorrelation of deforestation and gold prices. In this work, we finally present a case study focusing on French Guiana and Suriname, two neighbouring countries with very different levels of law enforcement against illegal gold-mining. We developed a modelling framework to estimate potential deforestation leakages from French Guiana to Suriname in the border areas. Based on our assumptions, we estimated a decrease in deforestation due to gold-mining of approx. 4300 hectares in French Guiana and an increase of approx. 12 100 hectares in Suriname in response to the active military repression of illegal gold-mining launched in French Guiana. Gold-mining in the Guiana Shield provides challenging questions regarding REDD+ implementation. These questions are discussed at the end of this study and are important to policy makers who need to provide sustainable alternative employment to local populations in order to ensure the effectiveness of environmental policies. |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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Levis, C.; Costa, F.R.C.; Bongers, F.; Peña-Claros, M.; Clement, C.R.; Junqueira, A.B.; Neves, E.G.; Tamanaha, E.K.; Figueiredo, F.O.G.; Salomão, R.P.; Castilho, C.V.; Magnusson, W.E.; Phillips, O.L.; Guevara, J.E.; Sabatier, D.; Molino, J.-F.; López, D.C.; Mendoza, A.M.; Pitman, N.C.A.; Duque, A.; Vargas, P.N.; Zartman, C.E.; Vasquez, R.; Andrade, A.; Camargo, J.L.; Feldpausch, T.R.; Laurance, S.G.W.; Laurance, W.F.; Killeen, T.J.; Nascimento, H.E.M.; Montero, J.C.; Mostacedo, B.; Amaral, I.L.; Guimarães Vieira, I.C.; Brienen, R.; Castellanos, H.; Terborgh, J.; Carim, M. de J.V.; Guimarães, J.R. da S.; Coelho, L. de S.; Matos, F.D. de A.; Wittmann, F.; Mogollón, H.F.; Damasco, G.; Dávila, N.; García-Villacorta, R.; Coronado, E.N.H.; Emilio, T.; Filho, D. de A.L.; Schietti, J.; Souza, P.; Targhetta, N.; Comiskey, J.A.; Marimon, B.S.; Marimon, B.-H.; Neill, D.; Alonso, A.; Arroyo, L.; Carvalho, F.A.; de Souza, F.C.; Dallmeier, F.; Pansonato, M.P.; Duivenvoorden, J.F.; Fine, P.V.A.; Stevenson, P.R.; Araujo-Murakami, A.; Aymard C., G.A.; Baraloto, C.; do Amaral, D.D.; Engel, J.; Henkel, T.W.; Maas, P.; Petronelli, P.; Revilla, J.D.C.; Stropp, J.; Daly, D.; Gribel, R.; Paredes, M.R.; Silveira, M.; Thomas-Caesar, R.; Baker, T.R.; da Silva, N.F.; Ferreira, L.V.; Peres, C.A.; Silman, M.R.; Cerón, C.; Valverde, F.C.; Di Fiore, A.; Jimenez, E.M.; Mora, M.C.P.; Toledo, M.; Barbosa, E.M.; Bonates, L.C. de M.; Arboleda, N.C.; Farias, E. de S.; Fuentes, A.; Guillaumet, J.-L.; Jørgensen, P.M.; Malhi, Y.; de Andrade Miranda, I.P.; Phillips, J.F.; Prieto, A.; Rudas, A.; Ruschel, A.R.; Silva, N.; von Hildebrand, P.; Vos, V.A.; Zent, E.L.; Zent, S.; Cintra, B.B.L.; Nascimento, M.T.; Oliveira, A.A.; Ramirez-Angulo, H.; Ramos, J.F.; Rivas, G.; Schöngart, J.; Sierra, R.; Tirado, M.; van der Heijden, G.; Torre, E.V.; Wang, O.; Young, K.R.; Baider, C.; Cano, A.; Farfan-Rios, W.; Ferreira, C.; Hoffman, B.; Mendoza, C.; Mesones, I.; Torres-Lezama, A.; Medina, M.N.U.; van Andel, T.R.; Villarroel, D.; Zagt, R.; Alexiades, M.N.; Balslev, H.; Garcia-Cabrera, K.; Gonzales, T.; Hernandez, L.; Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I.; Manzatto, A.G.; Milliken, W.; Cuenca, W.P.; Pansini, S.; Pauletto, D.; Arevalo, F.R.; Reis, N.F.C.; Sampaio, A.F.; Giraldo, L.E.U.; Sandoval, E.H.V.; Gamarra, L.V.; Vela, C.I.A.; ter Steege, H. |
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Persistent effects of pre-Columbian plant domestication on Amazonian forest composition |
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2017 |
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Science |
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355 |
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6328 |
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925-931 |
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The marks of prehistoric human societies on tropical forests can still be detected today. Levis et al. performed a basin-wide comparison of plant distributions, archaeological sites, and environmental data. Plants domesticated by pre-Columbian peoples are much more likely to be dominant in Amazonian forests than other species. Furthermore, forests close to archaeological sites often have a higher abundance and richness of domesticated species. Thus, modern-day Amazonian tree communities across the basin remain largely structured by historical human use.Science, this issue p. 925The extent to which pre-Columbian societies altered Amazonian landscapes is hotly debated. We performed a basin-wide analysis of pre-Columbian impacts on Amazonian forests by overlaying known archaeological sites in Amazonia with the distributions and abundances of 85 woody species domesticated by pre-Columbian peoples. Domesticated species are five times more likely than nondomesticated species to be hyperdominant. Across the basin, the relative abundance and richness of domesticated species increase in forests on and around archaeological sites. In southwestern and eastern Amazonia, distance to archaeological sites strongly influences the relative abundance and richness of domesticated species. Our analyses indicate that modern tree communities in Amazonia are structured to an important extent by a long history of plant domestication by Amazonian peoples. |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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739 |
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Devault, D.A.; Lévi, Y.; Karolak, S. |
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Applying sewage epidemiology approach to estimate illicit drug consumption in a tropical context: Bias related to sewage temperature and pH |
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2017 |
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Science of the Total Environment |
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Science of the Total Environment |
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584-585 |
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252-258 |
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Cannabis; Degradation; H2s; Half-life; Illicit drugs; Wastewater |
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Illicit drug consumption can be estimated from drug target residue (DTR) in wastewater, with the reliability of results being partly linked to DTR stability in the sewage network. However, wastewater temperature and pH drive the stability of molecules and, in this context, tropical conditions must be studied to specify the impact of residence time in the sewage network on DTR degradation. Warmth enhances biotic and abiotic processes such as degradation, leading to a decrease in oxygen content, and consequently, early diagenesis conditions in wastewater. In this study, we conduct laboratory studies under acidic pH and high temperature (30 °C) conditions to determine the degradation half-lives of cocaine (COC), tetrahydrocannabinol, and heroine targets, allowing COC/benzoylecgonine (BZE) ratio variations to be predicted in sewage networks. A rapid COC degradation is observed, as already reported in the literature but without a short-term significant difference between 20 °C and 30 °C. Acidic pH seems to prevent degradation. Thus, theoretically, the use of COC as DTR is only reliable in acidic conditions, with the decrease in COC concentration being 6% at 8 h, but over 40% in other conditions. By contrast, the use of BZE as DTR to estimate COC consumption, which is performed in practice, can be undertaken with the same back-calculation equation as used in temperate countries. However, 11-nor-delta-9-carboxytetrahydrocannabinol stability is more influenced by high temperature: concentration levels after 24 h are 20% lower at 30 °C than at 20 °C, corresponding to a 20% and 40% decrease, respectively. Based on a mean residence time of 8 h, underestimated cannabis consumption is close to 15% in tropical contexts, which is double that of temperate areas. © 2017 Elsevier B.V. |
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Public Health and Environnement Laboratory, UMR 8079 Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France |
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Export Date: 8 March 2017 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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741 |
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Grabchak, M.; Marcon, E.; Lang, G.; Zhang, Z. |
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The generalized Simpson’s entropy is a measure of biodiversity |
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2017 |
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Plos One |
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Plos One |
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12 |
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3 |
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e0173305 |
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Modern measures of diversity satisfy reasonable axioms, are parameterized to produce diversity profiles, can be expressed as an effective number of species to simplify their interpretation, and come with estimators that allow one to apply them to real-world data. We introduce the generalized Simpson’s entropy as a measure of diversity and investigate its properties. We show that it has many useful features and can be used as a measure of biodiversity. Moreover, unlike most commonly used diversity indices, it has unbiased estimators, which allow for sound estimation of the diversity of poorly sampled, rich communities. |
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Public Library of Science |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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742 |
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Touré, S.; Nirma, C.; Falkowski, M.; Dusfour, I.; Boulogne, I.; Jahn-Oyac, A.; Coke, M.; Azam, D.; Girod, R.; Moriou, C.; Odonne, G.; Stien, D.; Houel, E.; Eparvier, V. |
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Aedes aegypti Larvicidal Sesquiterpene Alkaloids from Maytenus oblongata |
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2017 |
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Journal of Natural Products |
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Journal of Natural Products |
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80 |
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2 |
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384-390 |
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Four new sesquiterpene alkaloids (1-4) with a β-dihydroagrofuran skeleton and a new triterpenoid (5) were isolated from an ethyl acetate extract of Maytenus oblongata stems. Their structures were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as MS and ECD experiments. The M. oblongata stem EtOAc extract and the pure compounds isolated were tested for larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions, and compounds 2 and 3 were found to be active. © 2017 The American Chemical Society and American Society of Pharmacognosy. |
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Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France |
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Export Date: 13 March 2017 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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743 |
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Bastias, C.C.; Fortunel, C.; Valladares, F.; Baraloto, C.; Benavides, R.; Cornwell, W.; Markesteijn, L.; De Oliveira, A.A.; Sansevero, J.B.B.; Vaz, M.C.; Kraft, N.J.B. |
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Intraspecific leaf trait variability along a boreal-to-tropical community diversity gradient |
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2017 |
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PLoS ONE |
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PLoS ONE |
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12 |
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2 |
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e0172495 |
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Disentangling the mechanisms that shape community assembly across diversity gradients is a central matter in ecology. While many studies have explored community assembly through species average trait values, there is a growing understanding that intraspecific trait variation (ITV) can also play a critical role in species coexistence. Classic biodiversity theory hypothesizes that higher diversity at species-rich sites can arise from narrower niches relative to species-poor sites, which would be reflected in reduced ITV as species richness increases. To explore how ITV in woody plant communities changes with species richness, we compiled leaf trait data (leaf size and specific leaf area) in a total of 521 woody plant species from 21 forest communities that differed dramatically in species richness, ranging from boreal to tropical rainforests. At each forest, we assessed ITV as an estimate of species niche breadth and we quantified the degree of trait overlap among co-occurring species as a measure of species functional similarity. We found ITV was relatively invariant across the species richness gradient. In addition, we found that species functional similarity increased with diversity. Contrary to the expectation from classic biodiversity theory, our results rather suggest that neutral processes or equalizing mechanisms can be acting as potential drivers shaping community assembly in hyperdiverse forests. © This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. |
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Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro-UFRRJ, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientais-DCA, Instituto de Florestas, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
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Export Date: 13 March 2017 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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744 |
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Orivel, J.; Malé, P.-J.; Lauth, J.; Roux, O.; Petitclerc, F.; Dejean, A.; Leroy, C. |
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Trade-offs in an ant–plant–fungus mutualism |
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2017 |
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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
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Proc Biol Sci |
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284 |
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1850 |
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20161679 |
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Species engaged in multiple, simultaneous mutualisms are subject to trade-offs in their mutualistic investment if the traits involved in each interaction are overlapping, which can lead to conflicts and affect the longevity of these associations. We investigate this issue via a tripartite mutualism involving an ant plant, two competing ant species and a fungus the ants cultivate to build galleries under the stems of their host plant to capture insect prey. The use of the galleries represents an innovative prey capture strategy compared with the more typical strategy of foraging on leaves. However, because of a limited worker force in their colonies, the prey capture behaviour of the ants results in a trade-off between plant protection (i.e. the ants patrol the foliage and attack intruders including herbivores) and ambushing prey in the galleries, which has a cascading effect on the fitness of all of the partners. The quantification of partners' traits and effects showed that the two ant species differed in their mutualistic investment. Less investment in the galleries (i.e. in fungal cultivation) translated into more benefits for the plant in terms of less herbivory and higher growth rates and vice versa. However, the greater vegetative growth of the plants did not produce a positive fitness effect for the better mutualistic ant species in terms of colony size and production of sexuals nor was the mutualist compensated by the wider dispersal of its queens. As a consequence, although the better ant mutualist is the one that provides more benefits to its host plant, its lower host–plant exploitation does not give this ant species a competitive advantage. The local coexistence of the ant species is thus fleeting and should eventually lead to the exclusion of the less competitive species. |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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Aili, S.R.; Touchard, A.; Petitclerc, F.; Dejean, A.; Orivel, J.; Padula, M.P.; Escoubas, P.; Nicholson, G.M. |
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Combined Peptidomic and Proteomic Analysis of Electrically Stimulated and Manually Dissected Venom from the South American Bullet Ant Paraponera clavata |
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2017 |
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Journal of Proteome Research |
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J. Proteome Res. |
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16 |
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3 |
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1339-1351 |
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Ants have evolved venoms rich in peptides and proteins used for predation, defense, and communication. However, they remain extremely understudied due to the minimal amount of venom secreted by each ant. The present study investigated the differences in the proteome and peptidome of the venom from the bullet ant, Paraponera clavata. Venom samples were collected from a single colony either by manual venom gland dissection or by electrical stimulation and were compared using proteomic methods. Venom proteins were separated by 2D-PAGE and identified by nanoLC-ESI-QTOF MS/MS. Venom peptides were initially separated using C18 reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, then analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS. The proteomic analysis revealed numerous proteins that could be assigned a biological function (total 94), mainly as toxins, or roles in cell regulation and transport. This investigation found that ca. 73% of the proteins were common to venoms collected by the two methods. The peptidomic analysis revealed a large number of peptides (total 309) but with <20% shared by the two collection methods. There was also a marked difference between venoms obtained by venom gland dissection from different ant colonies. These findings demonstrate the rich composition and variability of P. clavata venom. |
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American Chemical Society |
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1535-3893 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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746 |
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Salas-Lopez, A. |
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Predicting resource use in ant species and entire communities by studying their morphological traits: Influence of habitat and subfamily |
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2017 |
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Ecological Indicators |
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Ecol. Indic. |
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78 |
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183-191 |
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Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships; Ecosystem process; Food niche; Formicidae; Habitat filtering; Indicator; Land-use; Morphological traits; Taxonomic conservatism; Biodiversity; Ecology; Indicators (instruments); Land use; Natural resources management; Ecosystem functioning; Ecosystem process; Formicidae; Morphological traits; Taxonomic conservatism; Ecosystems; Formicidae |
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I investigated whether the morphological traits of Neotropical ants can be used to infer food resource use by individual species and by entire communities, and whether these relationships are related to habitat type and/or by morphological differences between ant subfamilies. I attracted ants using food baits that represented different ecological processes (e.g. predation, granivory, detritivory, nectarivory) in five habitat types along a land-use gradient (from forests to gardens). I assessed ant activity at the baits and characterized 64 species from six subfamilies according to their food use and community-level resource exploitation intensity in the different habitats. Next, I performed a Mantel test to reveal the relationships between 13 morphological measures and resource use at the species level. I then used ant clades (i.e. subfamily) and habitat to rank the ants along three axes of variation in relation to their morphology and food resource use. Finally, I tested whether associations existed between the community-level exploitation intensity for such resources and the distribution of morphological trait values using the “4th-corner” analysis. Morphological traits were closely linked to the species’ ability to exploit different resources. These relationships were affected by subfamily and, to a lesser extent, by habitat type. The characterization of trait sets for entire communities was not useful, however, in predicting the intensity of the exploitation of different types of resources in varying environmental conditions. I conclude that morphological traits are accurate predictors of the ecology of species, but they should be used with caution when trying to understand community-level patterns. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd |
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Export Date: 8 April 2017 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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747 |
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Roy, M.; Vasco-Palacios, A.; Geml, J.; Buyck, B.; Delgat, L.; Giachini, A.; Grebenc, T.; Harrower, E.; Kuhar, F.; Magnago, A.; Rinaldi, A.C.; Schimann, H.; Selosse, M.-A.; Sulzbacher, M.A.; Wartchow, F.; Neves, M.-A. |
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The (re)discovery of ectomycorrhizal symbioses in Neotropical ecosystems sketched in Florianópolis |
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2017 |
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New Phytologist |
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New Phytologist |
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214 |
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3 |
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920-923 |
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barcoding; biodiversity; ectomycorrhizal fungi; ectomycorrhizal roots; ectomycorrhizal symbioses; fruitbodies; Neotropical ecosystems |
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Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia/CCEN, Laboratório de Morfo-Taxonomia Fúngica, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil |
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Cited By :1; Export Date: 23 April 2017 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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