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Sist, P.; Fimbel, R.; Sheil, D.; Nasi, R.; Chevallier, M.H. |
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Towards sustainable management of mixed dipterocarp forests of South-east Asia: moving beyond minimum diameter cutting limits |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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Environmental Conservation |
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30 |
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4 |
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364-374 |
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Selective logging applied in tropical forests is based on one universal criterion: a minimum diameter cutting limit for all commercial timber species. Minimum diameter cutting limits in mixed dipterocarp forests of the Malesia region lead to high felling intensities (10-20+ trees ha(-1)). Such extraction rates create massive stand damage (> 50% of the remaining tree population), which has a negative impact on the regeneration and growth of many harvested dipterocarp, species. As such, the minimum diameter cutting limit approach is seldom compatible with sustainable forest management. Where basic ecological characteristics of the commercial species are considered in timber harvesting prescriptions, mixed dipterocarp, forests appear capable of sustained timber yields, habitat conservation, and providing other goods and services. This paper first presents the main silvicultural systems developed in mixed dipterocarp, forests of Western Malesia and then reviews current knowledge of dipterocarp, biology to finally develop guidelines aimed at improving the ecological sustainability of production forests of Western Malesia. These guidelines, a pragmatic reflection of science and 'best guess' judgement, include: (1) integration of reduced-impact logging practices into normal management operations; (2) cutting of eight trees ha(-1) or less (with a felling cycle of 40-60 years to be determined according to local conditions); (3) defining minimum diameter cutting limits according to the structure, density and diameter at reproduction of target species; (4) avoiding harvesting species with less than one adult tree ha(-1) (diameter at breast height [dbh] greater than or equal to 50 cm over an area of 50-100 ha); (5) minimizing the size and connectivity of gaps (< 600 m(2) whenever possible); (6) refraining from treatments such as understorey clearing; and (7) providing explicit protection for key forest species and the ecological processes they perform. Further refinement is encouraged to allow for local conditions, and for other forest types. |
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0376-8929 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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309 |
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Feldpausch, T.R.; Phillips, O.L.; Brienen, R.J.W.; Gloor, E.; Lloyd, J.; Lopez-Gonzalez, G.; Monteagudo-Mendoza, A.; Malhi, Y.; Alarcón, A.; Álvarez Dávila, E.; Alvarez-Loayza, P.; Andrade, A.; Aragao, L.E.O.C.; Arroyo, L.; Aymard C., G.A.; Baker, T.R.; Baraloto, C.; Barroso, J.; Bonal, D.; Castro, W.; Chama, V.; Chave, J.; Domingues, T.F.; Fauset, S.; Groot, N.; Honorio Coronado, E.; Laurance, S.; Laurance, W.F.; Lewis, S.L.; Licona, J.C.; Marimon, B.S.; Marimon-Junior, B.H.; Mendoza Bautista, C.; Neill, D.A.; Oliveira, E.A.; Oliveira dos Santos, C.; Pallqui Camacho, N.C.; Pardo-Molina, G.; Prieto, A.; Quesada, C.A.; Ramírez, F.; Ramírez-Angulo, H.; Réjou-Méchain, M.; Rudas, A.; Saiz, G.; Salomão, R.P.; Silva-Espejo, J.E.; Silveira, M.; ter Steege, H.; Stropp, J.; Terborgh, J.; Thomas-Caesar, R.; van der Heijden, G.M.F.; Vásquez Martinez, R.; Vilanova, E.; Vos, V.A. |
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Title |
Amazon forest response to repeated droughts |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
Publication |
Global Biogeochemical Cycles |
Abbreviated Journal |
Global Biogeochemical Cycles |
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30 |
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7 |
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964-982 |
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carbon; forest productivity; precipitation; tree mortality; vegetation dynamics; water deficit |
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The Amazon Basin has experienced more variable climate over the last decade, with a severe and widespread drought in 2005 causing large basin-wide losses of biomass. A drought of similar climatological magnitude occurred again in 2010; however, there has been no basin-wide ground-based evaluation of effects on vegetation. We examine to what extent the 2010 drought affected forest dynamics using ground-based observations of mortality and growth from an extensive forest plot network. We find that during the 2010 drought interval, forests did not gain biomass (net change: −0.43 Mg ha−1, confidence interval (CI): −1.11, 0.19, n = 97), regardless of whether forests experienced precipitation deficit anomalies. This contrasted with a long-term biomass sink during the baseline pre-2010 drought period (1998 to pre-2010) of 1.33 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (CI: 0.90, 1.74, p < 0.01). The resulting net impact of the 2010 drought (i.e., reversal of the baseline net sink) was −1.95 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (CI:−2.77, −1.18; p < 0.001). This net biomass impact was driven by an increase in biomass mortality (1.45 Mg ha−1 yr−1 CI: 0.66, 2.25, p < 0.001) and a decline in biomass productivity (−0.50 Mg ha−1 yr−1, CI:−0.78, −0.31; p < 0.001). Surprisingly, the magnitude of the losses through tree mortality was unrelated to estimated local precipitation anomalies and was independent of estimated local pre-2010 drought history. Thus, there was no evidence that pre-2010 droughts compounded the effects of the 2010 drought. We detected a systematic basin-wide impact of the 2010 drought on tree growth rates across Amazonia, which was related to the strength of the moisture deficit. This impact differed from the drought event in 2005 which did not affect productivity. Based on these ground data, live biomass in trees and corresponding estimates of live biomass in lianas and roots, we estimate that intact forests in Amazonia were carbon neutral in 2010 (−0.07 Pg C yr−1 CI:−0.42, 0.23), consistent with results from an independent analysis of airborne estimates of land-atmospheric fluxes during 2010. Relative to the long-term mean, the 2010 drought resulted in a reduction in biomass carbon uptake of 1.1 Pg C, compared to 1.6 Pg C for the 2005 event. ©2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. |
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Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado Norte Amazónico, Riberalta, Bolivia |
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Export Date: 1 September 2016 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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690 |
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Talaga, S.; Leroy, C.; Céréghino, R.; Dejean, A. |
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Convergent evolution of intraguild predation in phytotelm-inhabiting mosquitoes |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
Publication |
Evolutionary Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Evol. Ecol. |
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30 |
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6 |
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1133-1147 |
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Intraguild predation (IGP) is a type of biological interaction involving the killing and consuming of competing species that exploit similar and often limited resources. This phenomenon is widespread among a great variety of taxonomic groups and has already been reported for mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. Moreover, the larvae of certain mosquito species of the tribe Sabethini have evolved modified mouthparts ending in rigid apical structures signaling their capacity to be effective intraguild predators. We assumed that IGP confers a selective advantage under severe competitive conditions by both providing an immediate energetic gain and reducing potential competition. Because potential competition is likely to increase with decreasing habitat size, we hypothesized that the proportion of species with modified mouthparts would increase in smaller aquatic habitats. We tested this hypothesis by examining the mosquito species naturally associated with phytotelmata of decreasing sizes in French Guiana. We show that the degree of specialization in mosquito-phytotelm associations is high, suggesting a long coevolutive process. Indeed, short-term interaction experiments confirmed that species with modified mouthparts are able to prey upon similarly-sized intraguild prey and are, thus, effective intraguild predators. In addition, these species are larger and associated with smaller phytotelmata than those with typical mouthparts. Moreover, below a certain threshold of phytotelm size, only species with modified mouthparts were present. These results show that IGP confers a selective advantage under severe competitive conditions and results from the coadaptation of mosquito species to their specific phytotelm habitat. The presence of functionally analogous structures in different mosquito genera also implies that IGP has emerged from convergent evolution in small phytotelmata. |
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1573-8477 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ Talaga2016 |
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711 |
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Hein, P.R.G.; Chaix, G.; Clair, B.; Brancheriau, L.; Gril, J. |
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Spatial variation of wood density, stiffness and microfibril angle along Eucalyptus trunks grown under contrasting growth conditions |
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2016 |
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Trees – Structure and Function |
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30 |
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3 |
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871-882 |
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Sloped terrains tend to produce trees with higher radial variation in wood density while at high wind speeds, the wood tends to present higher stiffness and lower MFA in Eucalyptus. |
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1432-2285 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ Hein2016 |
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720 |
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Schmitt, Sylvain ; Tysklind, Niklas ; Hérault, Bruno ; Heuertz, Myriam |
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Topography drives microgeographic adaptations of closely related species in two tropical tree species complexes |
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2021 |
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Molecular Ecology |
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30 |
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20 |
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5080-5093 |
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Closely related tree species that grow in sympatry are abundant in rainforests. However, little is known of the ecoevolutionary processes that govern their niches and local coexistence. We assessed genetic species delimitation in closely related sympatric species belonging to two Neotropical tree species complexes and investigated their genomic adaptation to a fine-scale topographic gradient with associated edaphic and hydrologic features. Combining LiDAR-derived topography, tree inventories, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from gene capture experiments, we explored genome-wide population genetic structure, covariation of environmental variables, and genotype-environment association to assess microgeographic adaptations to topography within the species complexes Symphonia (Clusiaceae), and Eschweilera (Lecythidaceae) with three species per complex and 385 and 257 individuals genotyped, respectively. Within species complexes, closely related tree species had different realized optima for topographic niches defined through the topographic wetness index or the relative elevation, and species displayed genetic signatures of adaptations to these niches. Symphonia species were genetically differentiated along water and nutrient distribution particularly in genes responding to water deprivation, whereas Eschweilera species were genetically differentiated according to soil chemistry. Our results suggest that varied topography represents a powerful driver of processes modulating tropical forest biodiversity with differential adaptations that stabilize local coexistence of closely related tree species. |
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Wiley |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1045 |
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Chave, J.; Piponiot, C.; Maréchaux, I.; de Foresta, H.; Larpin, D.; Fischer, F.J.; Derroire, G.; Vincent, G.; Hérault, B. |
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Slow rate of secondary forest carbon accumulation in the Guianas compared with the rest of the Neotropics |
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2020 |
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Ecological Applications |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ecol. Appl. |
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30 |
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1 |
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e02004 |
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biomass; carbon; forest; French Guiana; regeneration; secondary forests; tropics; accumulation rate; Bayesian analysis; biomass; carbon sequestration; chronosequence; fertility; old-growth forest; pioneer species; regeneration; secondary forest; Costa Rica; French Guiana; Guyana Shield; Goupia glabra; Laetia procera; Xylopia |
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Secondary forests are a prominent component of tropical landscapes, and they constitute a major atmospheric carbon sink. Rates of carbon accumulation are usually inferred from chronosequence studies, but direct estimates of carbon accumulation based on long-term monitoring of stands are rarely reported. Recent compilations on secondary forest carbon accumulation in the Neotropics are heavily biased geographically as they do not include estimates from the Guiana Shield. We analysed the temporal trajectory of aboveground carbon accumulation and floristic composition at one 25-ha secondary forest site in French Guiana. The site was clear-cut in 1976, abandoned thereafter, and one large plot (6.25 ha) has been monitored continuously since. We used Bayesian modeling to assimilate inventory data and simulate the long-term carbon accumulation trajectory. Canopy change was monitored using two aerial lidar surveys conducted in 2009 and 2017. We compared the dynamics of this site with that of a surrounding old-growth forest. Finally, we compared our results with that from secondary forests in Costa Rica, which is one of the rare long-term monitoring programs reaching a duration comparable to our study. Twenty years after abandonment, aboveground carbon stock was 64.2 (95% credibility interval 46.4, 89.0) Mg C/ha, and this stock increased to 101.3 (78.7, 128.5) Mg C/ha 20 yr later. The time to accumulate one-half of the mean aboveground carbon stored in the nearby old-growth forest (185.6 [155.9, 200.2] Mg C/ha) was estimated at 35.0 [20.9, 55.9] yr. During the first 40 yr, the contribution of the long-lived pioneer species Xylopia nitida, Goupia glabra, and Laetia procera to the aboveground carbon stock increased continuously. Secondary forest mean-canopy height measured by lidar increased by 1.14 m in 8 yr, a canopy-height increase consistent with an aboveground carbon accumulation of 7.1 Mg C/ha (or 0.89 Mg C·ha−1·yr−1) during this period. Long-term AGC accumulation rate in Costa Rica was almost twice as fast as at our site in French Guiana. This may reflect higher fertility of Central American forest communities or a better adaptation of the forest tree community to intense and frequent disturbances. This finding may have important consequences for scaling-up carbon uptake estimates to continental scales. |
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INPHB, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire |
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Ecological Society of America |
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19395582 (Issn) |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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914 |
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Teixeia, G. A. ; de Aguiar, H.J.A.C. ; Petitclerc, F. ; Orivel, J. ; Lopes, D.M. ; Barros, L.A.C. |
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Evolutionary insights into the genomic organization of major ribosomal DNA in ant chromosomes |
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2021 |
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Insect Molecular Biology |
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30 |
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3 |
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340-354 |
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The major rDNA genes are composed of tandem repeats and are part of the nucleolus organizing regions (NORs). They are highly conserved and therefore useful in understanding the evolutionary patterns of chromosomal locations. The evolutionary dynamics of the karyotype may affect the organization of rDNA genes within chromosomes. In this study, we physically mapped 18S rDNA genes in 13 Neotropical ant species from four subfamilies using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Furthermore, a survey of published rDNA cytogenetic data for 50 additional species was performed, which allowed us to detect the evolutionary patterns of these genes in ant chromosomes. Species from the Neotropical, Palearctic, and Australian regions, comprising a total of 63 species from 19 genera within six subfamilies, were analysed. Most of the species (48 out of 63) had rDNA genes restricted to a single chromosome pair in their intrachromosomal regions. The position of rDNA genes within the chromosomes appears to hinder their dispersal throughout the genome, as translocations and ectopic recombination are uncommon in intrachromosomal regions because they can generate meiotic abnormalities. Therefore, rDNA genes restricted to a single chromosome pair seem to be a plesiomorphic feature in ants, while multiple rDNA sites, observed in distinct subfamilies, may have independent origins in different genera. |
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Royal Entomological Society |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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1048 |
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Zalamea, P.-C.; Sarmiento, C.; Stevenson, P.R.; Rodríguez, M.; Nicolini, E.; Heuret, P. |
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Effect of rainfall seasonality on the growth of Cecropia sciadophylla: Intra-annual variation in leaf production and node length |
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2013 |
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Journal of Tropical Ecology |
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J. Trop. Ecol. |
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29 |
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4 |
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361-365 |
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leaf phenology; Neotropics; pioneer plants; plant growth; plant morphology; rainfall seasonality; Urticaceae |
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Patterns of leaf production and leaf fall directly influence leaf area index and forest productivity. Here, we focused on Cecropia sciadophylla individuals inhabiting the extremes of the gradient in seasonality in rainfall at which C. sciadophylla occurs. In Colombia and French Guiana we compared the intra-annual variation in leaf production as well as the intra-annual fluctuation in internode length on a total of 69 saplings ranging in size from 1 to 2 m. The mean rate of leaf production was ~2 leaves mo -1 in both populations, and the rate of leaf production was constant throughout the year. Our results showed monthly variation in internode length and the number of live leaves per sapling in the seasonal habitat and variation only in internode length in the everwet habitat. Because the rate of leaf production is constant at both localities, the difference in number of live leaves per sapling at the seasonal site must reflect seasonal variation in leaf life span. We show that in Cecropia, internode length can serve as an indicator of precipitation seasonality. Finally an open question is whether leaf production in other pioneer species is also independent of climatic seasonal cues. This information could allow us to link growth and climate of secondary forest species and better understand how past and future climate can affect plant growth trajectories. © Cambridge University Press 2013. |
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INRA, UMR ECOFOG, Kourou F-97310, French Guiana |
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Export Date: 14 July 2013; Source: Scopus |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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496 |
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Fanin, N.; Hättenschwiler, S.; Schimann, H.; Fromin, N. |
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Interactive effects of C, N and P fertilization on soil microbial community structure and function in an Amazonian rain forest |
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2015 |
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Functional Ecology |
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Funct. Ecol. |
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29 |
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1 |
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140-150 |
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Ecosystem functioning; Functional significance; Microbial community structure; Multiple resource limitation; Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA); Phosphorus; Soil functioning; Tropical forest |
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Resource control over abundance, structure and functional diversity of soil microbial communities is a key determinant of soil processes and related ecosystem functioning. Copiotrophic organisms tend to be found in environments which are rich in nutrients, particularly carbon, in contrast to oligotrophs, which survive in much lower carbon concentrations. We hypothesized that microbial biomass, activity and community structure in nutrient-poor soils of an Amazonian rain forest are limited by multiple elements in interaction. We tested this hypothesis with a fertilization experiment by adding C (as cellulose), N (as urea) and P (as phosphate) in all possible combinations to a total of 40 plots of an undisturbed tropical forest in French Guiana. After 2 years of fertilization, we measured a 47% higher biomass, a 21% increase in substrate-induced respiration rate and a 5-fold higher rate of decomposition of cellulose paper discs of soil microbial communities that grew in P-fertilized plots compared to plots without P fertilization. These responses were amplified with a simultaneous C fertilization suggesting P and C colimitation of soil micro-organisms at our study site. Moreover, P fertilization modified microbial community structure (PLFAs) to a more copiotrophic bacterial community indicated by a significant decrease in the Gram-positive : Gram-negative ratio. The Fungi : Bacteria ratio increased in N fertilized plots, suggesting that fungi are relatively more limited by N than bacteria. Changes in microbial community structure did not affect rates of general processes such as glucose mineralization and cellulose paper decomposition. In contrast, community level physiological profiles under P fertilization combined with either C or N fertilization or both differed strongly from all other treatments, indicating functionally different microbial communities. While P appears to be the most critical from the three major elements we manipulated, the strongest effects were observed in combination with either supplementary C or N addition in support of multiple element control on soil microbial functioning and community structure. We conclude that the soil microbial community in the studied tropical rain forest and the processes it drives is finely tuned by the relative availability in C, N and P. Any shifts in the relative abundance of these key elements may affect spatial and temporal heterogeneity in microbial community structure, their associated functions and the dynamics of C and nutrients in tropical ecosystems. |
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INRA, UMR 614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, 2 esplanade Roland GarrosReims, France |
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Export Date: 4 February 2015 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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583 |
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Author |
Bompy, F.; Imbert, D.; Dulormne, M. |
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Title |
Impact patterns of soil salinity variations on the survival rate, growth performances, and physiology of Pterocarpus officinalis seedlings |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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Trees – Structure and Function |
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Trees – Structure and Function |
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29 |
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1 |
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119-128 |
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Acclimation; Leaf chemical composition; Leaf gas exchange; NaCl salinity; Tropical swamp forest; Vegetative growth |
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Abstract |
Key message: Pterocarpus officinalisis able to (1) improve its acclimation capacity if soil salinity increases slowly and (2) benefit from afreshwater episode.
Abstract: One likely effect of global change is an increase of the amplitude of salt variations in the soil of brackish coastal wetland forests. In the Antilles, such forests are dominated by the species Pterocarpus officinalis. The study aimed to determine the effect of 3 salinity levels (freshwater, moderate, and hypersalinity—i.e., 0, 10, and 30 ‰, respectively) and 3 patterns of salinity variation (fast or slow salinity increase, fluctuating salinity) on the growth and ecophysiology of P. officinalis seedlings. P. officinalis proved tolerant to 10 ‰ salinity, even if at this salt concentration the water constraint altered the plant’s water status and reduced stomatal conductance. No impact of the pattern of salinity variation was observed at 10 ‰. Seedlings were strongly affected by hypersalinity, but were able to acclimatize efficiently and to improve their performances (higher survival, total biomass, and photosynthesis) when salinity increased slowly. Young P. officinalis were also able to take advantage of a freshwater episode on the longer term, certainly through leaf desalination associated with enhanced photosynthesis and water use efficiency. Higher soil salinity and more intense dry seasons in the context of climate change could affect the stand-level regeneration potential of P. officinalis seedlings. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. |
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UMR ECOFOG-DYNECAR, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Pointe-à-PitreGuadeloupe (F.W.I.), France |
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Notes |
Export Date: 9 April 2015 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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595 |
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