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Author |
Rockwell, C.A.; Kainer, K.A.; Staudhammer, C.L.; Baraloto, C. |
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Title |
Future crop tree damage in a certified community forest in southwestern Amazonia |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Forest Ecology and Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
For. Ecol. Manage. |
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Volume |
242 |
Issue |
2-3 |
Pages |
108-118 |
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Keywords |
bamboo; community forest management; forest certification; Guadua; liana; marking; reduced-impact logging; RIL; timber management; tropical forest |
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Abstract |
Field studies in Acre, Brazil assessed logging impacts of a certified community timber management project. The main objectives of the study were: (1) to determine if damage incidence to future crop trees (FCTs; >= 20 cm diameter at breast height (dbh)) differs between (a) forest with and without bamboo (Guadua spp.), and (b) trees with and without lianas; (2) to what extent harvesting can be conducted more intensely (m(3)ha(-1)), without incurring greater FCT damage; and (3) to what extent marking diminishes FCT damage. Full inventories of FCTs of 50 commercial species complexes were conducted before and after logging in 50 m-radius zones of impact around each designated harvest tree in three 10 ha (200 m x 500 m) logging blocks. We also mapped all forested areas potentially influenced by logging, including skid trails, log landings and felling gaps, throughout the 30 ha logged. More than 28% of the forest area was disturbed by logging, with 12.1% in skid trails and 16.8% in gap clearings, indicating that the forest gap mosaic can be significantly altered even when reduced-impact logging guidelines are followed. Overall, 15% of FCTs inventoried were damaged. Damage rates were not significantly reduced by marking treatment, location in bamboo-dominated forest, or liana load on FCT damage. Harvest intensity did not influence the probability of FCT damage. For future studies, it would be prudent to address impacts of timber extraction on other livelihood activities, such as non-timber forest product collection, particularly in such regions as the Brazilian Amazon, where many communities are attempting to integrate a suite of income-generating activities. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
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Univ Florida, Sch Forest Resources & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA, Email: crockwel@ufl.edu |
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ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV |
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0378-1127 |
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ISI:000246268100003 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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217 |
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Author |
Yatabe, Y.; Kane, N.C.; Scotti-Saintagne, C.; Rieseberg, L.H. |
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Title |
Rampant gene exchange across a strong reproductive barrier between the annual sunflowers, Helianthus annuus and H-petiolaris |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Genetics |
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Volume |
175 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1883-1893 |
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Plant species may remain morphologically distinct despite gene exchange with congeners, yet little is known about the genomewide pattern of introgression among species. Here we analyze the effects of persistent gene flow on genomic differentiation between the sympatric sunflower species Helianthus annuus and H. petiolaris. While the species are strongly isolated in testcrosses, genetic distances at 108 microsatellite loci and 14 sequenced genes are highly variable and much lower (on average) than for more closely related but historically allopatric congeners. Our analyses failed to detect a positive association between levels of genetic differentiation and chromosomal rearrangements (as reported in a prior publication) or proximity to QTL for morphological differences or hybrid sterility. However, a significant increase in differentiation was observed for markers within 5 cM of chromosomal breakpoints. Together, these results suggest that islands of differentiation between these two species are small, except in areas of low recombination. Furthermore, only microsatellites associated with ESTs were identified as outlier loci in tests for selection, which might indicate that the ESTs themselves are the targets of selection rather than linked genes (or that coding regions are not randomly distributed). In general, these results indicate that even strong and genetically complex reproductive barriers cannot prevent widespread introgression. |
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Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA, Email: lriesebe@indiana.edu |
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GENETICS |
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0016-6731 |
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ISI:000246448800029 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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216 |
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Yamamoto, H.; Almeras, T. |
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Title |
A mathematical verification of the reinforced-matrix hypothesis using the Mori-Tanaka theory |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Journal of Wood Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Wood Sci. |
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Volume |
53 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
505-509 |
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Keywords |
Engineering |
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This article presents a theoretical verification of the reinforced-matrix hypothesis derived from tensor equations, σ W = σ f + σ m and ε W = ε f = ε m (Wood Sci Technol 32:171–182, 1998; Wood Sci Technol 33:311–325, 1999; J Biomech Eng 124:432–440, 2002), using classical Mori-Tanaka theory on the micromechanics of fiber-reinforced materials (Acta Metall 21:571–574, 1973; Micromechanics — dislcation and inclusions (in Japanese), pp 141–147, 1976). The Mori-Tanaka theory was applied to a small fragment of the cell wall undergoing changes in its physical state, such as those arising from sorption of moisture, maturation of wall components, or action of an external force, to obtain ⟨σ A⟩D = ϕ·⟨σ F⟩I + (1−ϕ)·⟨σ M⟩D−I. When the constitutive equation of each constituent material was applied to the equation ⟨σ A⟩D = ϕ·⟨σ F⟩I + (1−ϕ)·⟨σ M⟩D−I, the equations σ W = σ f + σ m and ε W = ε f = ε m were derived to lend support to the concept that two main phases, the reinforcing cellulose microfibril and the lignin-hemicellulose matrix, coexist in the same domain. The constitutive equations for the cell wall fragment were obtained without recourse to additional parameters such as Eshelby’s tensor S and Hill’s averaged concentration tensors AF and AM. In our previous articles, the coexistence of two main phases and σ W = σ f + σ m and ε W = ε f =ε m had been taken as our starting point to formulate the behavior of wood fiber with multilayered cell walls. The present article provides a rational explanation for both concepts. |
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Springer Japan |
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1435-0211 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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215 |
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Baraloto, C.; Ferreira, E.; Rockwell, C.; Walthier, F. |
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Title |
Limitations and Applications of Parataxonomy for Community Forest Management in Southwestern Amazonia |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Ethnobotany Research & Applications |
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5 |
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77-84 |
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We examined the limitations of parataxonomic inventories for developing management plans for woody plant resources in tropical rain forests of southwestern Amazonia. Using compilations of herbarium labels, forest personnel interviews and published species descriptions, we assessed the accuracy of common names as parataxonomic units (PUs). We identified 384 common names for 310 harvested woody plant species in the Brazilian state of Acre, of which only 50% were unique to a single taxonomic species. About 10% of common names referred to more than one species, more than half of which included multiple genera. For the 106 species from the Acre sample common to the MAP region including Madre de Dios, Peru and Pando, Bolivia, we identified 198 common names. Splitting was much more frequent in this sample, with more than 80% of species having more than one common name. When the Acre sample was expanded to 131 species from the Brazilian Amazon region, including the states of Amazonas and Para, we identified 740 common names, with nearly 90% of species being represented by more than one common name. Errors and inaccuracy of parataxonomy may contribute to market instability if product orders can not be homogenized within regional markets, and to unsustainable harvests if species are mistakenly lumped into single parataxonomic units. We discuss several programs currently being implemented by our collaborative team in the region to address this issue, including field guides based on digital photography, field courses, and workshops featuring discussions between regional inventory personnel and botanists. |
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2008; Limitations and Applications of Parataxonomy for Community Forest Management in Southwestern Amazonia |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ 14 |
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214 |
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Dejean, A.; Djieto-Lordon, C.; Orivel, J. |
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Title |
The plant ant Tetraponera aethiops (Pseudomyrmecinae) protects its host myrmecophyte Barteria fistulosa (Passifloraceae) through aggressiveness and predation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biol. J. Linnean Soc. |
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Volume |
93 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
63-69 |
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Keywords |
ants; plant protection; territorial aggressiveness |
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Plant ants generally provide their host myrmecophytes (i.e. plants that shelter a limited number of ant species in hollow structures) protection from defoliating insects, but the exact nature of this protection is poorly known. It was with this in mind that we studied the association between Tetraponera aethiops F. Smith (Pseudomyrmecinae) and its specific host myrmecophyte Barteria fistulosa Mast. (Passifloraceae). Workers bore entrances into the horizontal hollow branches (domatia) of their host B. fistulosa, near the base of the petiole of the alternate horizontal leaves. They then ambush intruders from the domatia, close to these entrances. After perceiving the vibrations caused when an insect lands on a leaf, they rush to it and sting and generally spreadeagle the insect (only small caterpillars are mastered by single workers). Among the insects likely to defoliate B. fistulosa, adult leaf beetles and large katydids were taken as prey and cut up; single workers then retrieved some pieces, whereas other workers imbibed the prey's haemolymph. Other insects known to defoliate this plant, if unable to escape, were killed and discarded. Small Acrea zetes L. caterpillars were stung and then discarded by single workers; whereas locusts of different sizes were mastered by groups of workers that stung and spreadeagled them before discarding them (although a part of their haemolymph was imbibed). More workers were involved and more time was necessary to master insects taken as prey than those attacked and discarded. Consequently, the protection T. aethiops workers provide to their host B. fistulosa from defoliating insects results from predation, but more often from a type of aggressiveness wherein insects are killed and then discarded. (c) 2008 The Linnean Society of London. |
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[Dejean, Alain] CNRS Guyane, UPS 2561, F-97300 Cayenne, France, Email: alain.dejean@wanadoo.fr |
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BLACKWELL PUBLISHING |
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0024-4066 |
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ISI:000251738300007 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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213 |
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Author |
Leroy, C.; Jauneau, A.; Quilichini, A.; Dejean, A.; Orivel, J. |
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Title |
Comparison between the anatomical and morphological structure of leaf blades and foliar domatia in the ant-plant Hirtella physophora (Chrysobalanaceae) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Annals of Botany |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann. Bot. |
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Volume |
101 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
501-507 |
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Keywords |
anatomy; ant-plant mutualism; Chrysobalanaceae; extra-floral nectaries; French Guiana; Hirtella physophora; secondary domatia |
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Abstract |
Background and Aims Myrmecophytes, or ant-plants, are characterized by their ability to shelter colonies of some ant species in hollow structures, or ant-domatia, that are often formed by hypertrophy of the internal tissue at specific locations (i.e. trunk, branches, thorns and leaf pouches). In Hirtella physophora (Chrysobalanaceae), the focal species of this study, the ant-domatia consist of leaf pouches formed when the leaf rolls over onto itself to create two spheres at the base of the blade. Methods The morphological and anatomical changes through which foliar ant-domatia developed from the laminas are studied for the first time by using fresh and fixed mature leaves from the same H. physophora individuals. Key results Ant-domatia were characterized by larger extra-floral nectaries, longer stomatal apertures and lower stomatal density. The anatomical structure of the domatia differed in the parenchymatous tissue where palisade and spongy parenchyma were indistinct; chloroplast density was lower and lignified sclerenchymal fibres were more numerous compared with the lamina. In addition, the domatia were thicker than the lamina, largely because the parenchymatous and epidermal cells were enlarged. Conclusion Herein, the morphological and anatomical changes that permit foliar ant-domatia to be defined as a specialized leaf structure are highlighted. Similarities as well as structural modifications in the foliar ant-domatia compared with the lamina are discussed from botanical, functional and mutualistic points of view. These results are also important to understanding the reciprocal evolutionary changes in traits and, thus, the coevolutionary processes occurring in insect-plant mutualisms. |
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[Leroy, Celine; Quilichini, Angelique; Dejean, Alain; Orivel, Jerome] Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, UMR 5174, Lab Evolut & Diversite Biol, F-31062 Toulouse 9, France, Email: orivel@cict.fr |
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OXFORD UNIV PRESS |
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0305-7364 |
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ISI:000253489700003 |
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no |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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212 |
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Author |
Coutand, C.; Dupraz, C.; Jaouen, G.; Ploquin, S.; Adam, B. |
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Title |
Mechanical stimuli regulate the allocation of biomass in trees: Demonstration with young Prunus avium trees |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Annals of Botany |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann. Bot. |
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Volume |
101 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
1421-1432 |
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Keywords |
Prunus avium; growth; mechanical stress; bending; biomass; shoot/root ratio; wind; shelter |
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Background and Aims Plastic tree-shelters are increasingly used to protect tree seedlings against browsing animals and herbicide drifts. The biomass allocation in young seedlings of deciduous trees is highly disturbed by common plastic tree-shelters, resulting in poor root systems and reduced diameter growth of the trunk. The shelters have been improved by creating chimney-effect ventilation with holes drilled at the bottom, resulting in stimulated trunk diameter growth, but the root deficit has remained unchanged. An experiment was set up to elucidate the mechanisms behind the poor root growth of sheltered Prunus avium trees. Methods Tree seedlings were grown either in natural windy conditions or in tree-shelters. Mechanical wind stimuli were suppressed in ten unsheltered trees by staking. Mechanical stimuli (bending) of the stem were applied in ten sheltered trees using an original mechanical device. Key Results Sheltered trees suffered from poor root growth, but sheltered bent trees largely recovered, showing that mechano-sensing is an important mechanism governing C allocation and the shoot-root balance. The use of a few artificial mechanical stimuli increased the biomass allocation towards the roots, as did natural wind sway. It was demonstrated that there was an acclimation of plants to the imposed strain. Conclusions This study suggests that if mechanical stimuli are used to control plant growth, they should be applied at low frequency in order to be most effective. The impact on the functional equilibrium hypothesis that is used in many tree growth models is discussed. The consequence of the lack of mechanical stimuli should be incorporated in tree growth models when applied to environments protected from the wind (e.g. greenhouses, dense forests). |
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[Coutand, Catherine; Jaouen, Gaelle; Ploquin, Stephane; Adam, Boris] Univ Clermont Ferrand, INRA, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont Ferrand, France, Email: coutand@clermont.inra.fr |
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OXFORD UNIV PRESS |
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0305-7364 |
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ISI:000255987500013 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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211 |
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Author |
Dejean, A.; Moreau, C.S.; Kenne, M.; Leponce, M. |
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Title |
The raiding success of Pheidole megacephala on other ants in both its native and introduced ranges |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Comptes Rendus Biologies |
Abbreviated Journal |
C. R. Biol. |
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Volume |
331 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
631-635 |
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Keywords |
invasive ants; predation; raiding other ants; recruitment |
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Abstract |
We studied the behaviour of the invasive African myrmicine ant, Pheidole megacephala, when confronted with colonies of other common ant species in Cameroon, a part of its native range, and in Mexico, where it has been introduced. P. megacephala raided the nests of the other ants in both cases. Eleven species out of 12 put up a rather strong resistance to raiding P. megacephala workers in Cameroon compared to only three species out of 11 in Mexico, where only colonies of Solenopsis geminata, Dorymyrmex pyramicus and Dolichoderus bispinosus resisted these raids. We conclude that P. megacephala's heightened ability to successfully raid colonies of competing ants may help explain its success and the decline of native ants in areas where it has been introduced. |
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[Dejean, Alain] CNRS Guyane, UPS 2561, F-97300 Cayenne, France, Email: alain.dejean@wanadoo.fr |
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ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER |
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1631-0691 |
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ISI:000258523200008 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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210 |
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Dejean, A.; Grangier, J.; Leroy, C.; Orivel, J.; Gilbernau, M. |
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Title |
Nest site selection and induced response in a dominant arboreal ant species |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Naturwissenschaften |
Abbreviated Journal |
Naturwissenschaften |
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Volume |
95 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
885-889 |
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Keywords |
ant-plant relationships; biotic defense; induced responses; predation |
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It is well known that arboreal ants, both territorially dominant species and plant ants (e.g., species associated with myrmecophytes or plants housing them in hollow structures), protect their host trees from defoliators. Nevertheless, the presence of an induced defense, suggested by the fact that the workers discovering a leaf wound recruit nestmates, is only known for plant ants. Based on the results from a field study, we show here (1) that colonies of Azteca chartifex, a territorially dominant, neotropical arboreal ant species, mostly selected Goupia glabra (Goupiaceae) trees in which to build their principal carton nests and (2) that plant signals induced workers to recruit nestmates, which patrol the leaves, likely providing the plant with a biotic defense. Furthermore, the number of recruited workers was clearly higher on G. glabra, their most frequently selected host tree species, than on other tree species. These results show that contrary to what was previously believed, induced responses are also found in territorially dominant arboreal ants and so are not limited to the specific associations between myrmecophytes and plant ants. |
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Address |
[Dejean, Alain] CNRS Guyane, UPS 5621, F-97300 Cayenne, France, Email: alain.dejean@wanadoo.fr |
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SPRINGER |
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0028-1042 |
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ISI:000258675700013 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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209 |
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Author |
Grangier, J.; Orivel, J.; Negrini, M.; Dejean, A. |
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Title |
Low intraspecific aggressiveness in two obligate plant-ant species |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Insectes Sociaux |
Abbreviated Journal |
Insect. Soc. |
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Volume |
55 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
238-240 |
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Keywords |
aggressiveness; Allomerus; myrmecophytes; plant-ants; recognition ability |
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Abstract |
Little is known about the aggressiveness of plant-ants typically living in isolated trees nor about how that aggressiveness varies based on this isolation. Here, we examine intra- and interspecific aggressiveness between workers of two Allomerus species associated with two different myrmecophytes. In both cases, the level of intraspecific aggressiveness is very low whatever the distance separating the tested nests, while interspecific conflicts are always violent. Similar patterns of aggressiveness have been reported in various ant species, but the strictly arboreal life of Allomerus ants associated with the isolation of their adult colonies highlight different ecological conditions that might explain the lack of aggressiveness between conspecifics. |
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[Grangier, J.; Orivel, J.; Negrini, M.; Dejean, A.] Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, UMR 5174, Lab Evolut & Diversite Biol, F-31062 Toulouse 9, France, Email: grangier@cict.fr |
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BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG |
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0020-1812 |
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ISI:000258959300004 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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208 |
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