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Martos, F.; Dulormne, M.; Pailler, T.; Bonfante, P.; Faccio, A.; Fournel, J.; Dubois, M.-P.; Selosse, M.-A. |
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Independent recruitment of saprotrophic fungi as mycorrhizal partners by tropical achlorophyllous orchids |
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2009 |
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New Phytologist |
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New Phytologist |
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184 |
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3 |
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668-681 |
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Mycoheterotrophy; Mycorrhizas; Orchids; Rainforests; Saprotrophic fungi; Stable isotopes |
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Mycoheterotrophic orchids have adapted to shaded forest understory by shifting to achlorophylly and receiving carbon from their mycorrhizal fungi. In temperate forests, they associate in a highly specific way with fungi forming ectomycorrhizas on nearby trees, and exploiting tree photosynthates. However, many rainforests lack ectomycorrhizal fungi, and there is evidence that some tropical Asiatic species associate with saprotrophic fungi. To investigate this in different geographic and phylogenetic contexts, we identified the mycorrhizal fungi supporting two tropical mycoheterotrophic orchids from Mascarene (Indian Ocean) and Caribbean islands. We tested their possible carbon sources by measuring natural nitrogen (15N) and carbon (13C) abundances. Saprotrophic basidiomycetes were found: Gastrodia similis associates with a wood-decaying Resinicium (Hymenochaetales); Wullschlaegelia aphylla associates with both litter-decaying Gymnopus and Mycena species, whose rhizomorphs link orchid roots to leaf litter. The 15N and 13C abundances make plausible food chains from dead wood to G. similis and from dead leaves to W. aphylla. We propose that temperature and moisture in rainforests, but not in most temperate forests, may favour sufficient saprotrophic activity to support development of mycoheterotrophs. By enlarging the spectrum of mycorrhizal fungi and the level of specificity in mycoheterotrophic orchids, this study provides new insights on orchid and mycorrhizal biology in the tropics. © 2009 New Phytologist. |
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Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale dell'Università, Istituto per la Protezione Delle Piante – CNR, Viale Mattioli 25, I-10125 Torino, Italy |
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Cited By :65; Export Date: 7 February 2017 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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728 |
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Fine, P.V.A.; Baraloto, C. |
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Habitat Endemism in White-sand Forests: Insights into the Mechanisms of Lineage Diversification and Community Assembly of the Neotropical Flora |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
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Biotropica |
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Biotropica |
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48 |
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1 |
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24-33 |
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Amazon; Endemic; Functional traits; Habitat specialization; Niche conservatism; Speciation |
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White-sand forests represent natural laboratories of evolution over their long history throughout Amazonia and the Guiana Shield and pose significant physiological challenges to the plants and animals they host. The study of diversification in plant lineages comprising species endemic to white-sand forest can therefore give insights into processes of evolution and community assembly in tropical forests. In this article, we synthesize recent studies of white-sand forests to integrate patterns of plant species distribution with processes of lineage diversification and community assembly in the white-sand flora. We contrast lineages that have radiated uniquely in these habitats (e.g., Pagamea, Rubiaceae), with cosmopolitan lineages comprising specialists to white-sand forests and other habitats that may have arisen via ecological speciation across habitat gradients (e.g., Protium, Burseraceae). In both cases, similar suites of functional traits have evolved, including investment in dense, long-lived tissues that are well-defended structurally and chemically. White-sand endemics, therefore, play an important role in biodiversity conservation because they represent unique combinations of functional and phylogenetic diversity. Furthermore, white-sand endemics may respond differently than other tropical forest plant species to contemporary global changes because they comprise resilient functional types that may better withstand increased drought, temperature, and invasions of exotic pests in these regions. © 2016 The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation. |
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Department of Biological Sciences and International Center for Tropical Botany, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States |
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Cited By :3; Export Date: 12 February 2016 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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659 |
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Guevara, J.E.; Damasco, G.; Baraloto, C.; Fine, P.V.A.; Peñuela, M.C.; Castilho, C.; Vincentini, A.; Cárdenas, D.; Wittmann, F.; Targhetta, N.; Phillips, O.; Stropp, J.; Amaral, I.; Maas, P.; Monteagudo, A.; Jimenez, E.M.; Thomas, R.; Brienen, R.; Duque, A.; Magnusson, W.; Ferreira, C.; Honorio, E.; de Almeida Matos, F.; Arevalo, F.R.; Engel, J.; Petronelli, P.; Vasquez, R.; ter Steege, H. |
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Low Phylogenetic Beta Diversity and Geographic Neo-endemism in Amazonian White-sand Forests |
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2016 |
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Biotropica |
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Biotropica |
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48 |
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1 |
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34-46 |
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Amazon; Neo-endemism; Phylogenetic beta diversity; Recent diversification; White sands |
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Over the past three decades, many small-scale floristic studies of white-sand forests across the Amazon basin have been published. Nonetheless, a basin-wide description of both taxonomic and phylogenetic alpha and beta diversity at regional scales has never been achieved. We present a complete floristic analysis of white-sand forests across the Amazon basin including both taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity. We found strong regional differences in the signal of phylogenetic community structure with both overall and regional Net Relatedness Index and Nearest Taxon Index values found to be significantly positive leading to a pattern of phylogenetic clustering. Additionally, we found high taxonomic dissimilarity but low phylogenetic dissimilarity in pairwise community comparisons. These results suggest that recent diversification has played an important role in the assembly of white-sand forests causing geographic neo-endemism patterns at the regional scale. © 2016 The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation. |
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Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands |
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Cited By :3; Export Date: 12 February 2016 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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660 |
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Lefèvre, F.; Boivin, T.; Bontemps, A.; Courbet, F.; Davi, H.; Durand-Gillmann, M.; Fady, B.; Gauzere, J.; Gidoin, C.; Karam, M.-J.; Pichot, C.; Oddou-Muratorio, S.; Pichot, C. |
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Considering evolutionary processes in adaptive forestry |
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2013 |
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Annals of Forest Science |
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Ann For Sci |
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71 |
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7 |
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723-739 |
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Adaptation; Climate change; Evolution-oriented forest management; Genetic resources; Silviculture |
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Context: Managing forests under climate change requires adaptation. The adaptive capacity of forest tree populations is huge but not limitless. Integrating evolutionary considerations into adaptive forestry practice will enhance the capacity of managed forests to respond to climate-driven changes.
Aims: Focusing on natural regeneration systems, we propose a general framework that can be used in various and complex local situations by forest managers, in combination with their own expertise, to integrate evolutionary considerations into decision making for the emergence of an evolution-oriented forestry.
Methods: We develop a simple process-based analytical grid, using few processes and parameters, to analyse the impact of forestry practice on the evolution and evolvability of tree populations.
Results: We review qualitative and, whenever possible, quantitative expectations on the intensity of evolutionary drivers in forest trees. Then, we review the effects of actual and potential forestry practice on the evolutionary processes. We illustrate the complexity of interactions in two study cases: the evolutionary consequences for forest trees of biotic interactions and of highly heterogeneous environment.
Conclusion: Evolution-oriented forestry may contribute adapting forests to climate change. It requires combining short-term and long-term objectives. We propose future lines of research and experimentation. |
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INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, URFM, Domaine Saint Paul, Site AgroparcAvignon Cedex 9, France |
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Cited By :2; Export Date: 13 January 2015 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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580 |
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Doughty, C.E.; Wolf, A.; Baraloto, C.; Malhi, Y. |
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Interdependency of plants and animals in controlling the sodium balance of ecosystems and the impacts of global defaunation |
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2016 |
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Ecography |
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Ecography |
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39 |
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2 |
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204-212 |
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Sodium, an element which is needed by animals but often toxic in high concentrations to plants, may be deficient and limit animal abundance in inland continental regions, but may be overabundant and limit plant productivity in coastal regions. Here we present data from 50 independent plots (including leaf data from more than 2480 individual trees) showing that leaves in the Amazon basin uptake high amounts of sodium (Na) in a manner more similar to the essential cation potassium (K) than to the toxic cation aluminium (Al). Leaf Na increases linearly with soil Na concentrations, and there is no apparent mechanism for selective exclusion of Na in comparison to K, a key attribute of halophytes. This indicates that the Amazon basin is broadly non-halophytic and increased sodium concentrations in non-halophyte plants often decrease plant productivity. Total Na concentrations are ∼ 10 times higher in coastal regions than inland regions. Such concentration gradients in nutrients may have been reduced in the past because large animals that were abundant in the Pleistocene have been hypothesized to play a large role in reducing nutrient concentration gradients at continental scales. We use a diffusion model and a Na loss rate based on empirical data to estimate that large animals may have moved significant quantities of Na inland away from coastal regions in the Amazon Basin. Therefore, our simple model suggests that large animals may play an important, yet diminishing, role in maintaining the sodium balance of the planet. © 2016 Nordic Society Oikos. |
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INRA UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, French Guiana, and International Center for Tropical Botany, Dept of Biological Sciences, Florida International Univ., Miami, United States |
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Cited By :2; Export Date: 12 February 2016 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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657 |
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Roy, M.; Schimann, H.; Braga-Neto, R.; Da Silva, R.A.E.; Duque, J.; Frame, D.; Wartchow, F.; Neves, M.A. |
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Diversity and Distribution of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi from Amazonian Lowland White-sand Forests in Brazil and French Guiana |
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2016 |
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Biotropica |
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Biotropica |
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48 |
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1 |
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90-100 |
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campina; campinarana; Amanitaceae; Amanitaceae; Boletaceae; Boletaceae; Campina; Campinarana; Herbarium; Herbário; Russulaceae; Russulaceae |
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White-sand forests are thought to host many ectomycorrhizal fungi, as demonstrated by the numerous fruiting body collections made by Rolf Singer in the lower Rio Negro in the late 1970s. Despite recognition of the importance of ectomycorrhizal fungi in white-sand forests, there has not yet been a systematic examination of diversity and taxonomic composition across white-sand forests, or more widely across lowland Amazonian forests. In an effort to broaden our view of ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity and distribution on white-sand forests, we collected ectomycorrhizal fruiting bodies in 10 plots of white-sand forests in Brazil and French Guiana between 2012 and 2014. We collected 221 specimens and 62 morphospecies, from the 10 plots, confirming that all studied white-sand forests host ectomycorrhizal fungi. Additionally, we searched for taxa associated with white sands among specimens deposited in Brazilian herbaria. We report 1006 unique ectomycorrhizal specimen records in 18 Brazilian herbaria, of which 137 specimens and 64 species are reported from white-sand forests, mainly in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Russulaceae and Amanitaceae were frequent in all habitats, and Cortinarius were more frequent on white sands. Our results highlight the high diversity and heterogeneity of ectomycorrhizal communities on white-sand forests, and the wide distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi throughout Brazil, irrespective of soil type. © 2016 The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation. |
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Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil |
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Cited By :2; Export Date: 12 February 2016 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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658 |
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Esquivel-Muelbert, A.; Baker, T.R.; Dexter, K.G.; Lewis, S.L.; Brienen, R.J.W.; Feldpausch, T.R.; Lloyd, J.; Monteagudo-Mendoza, A.; Arroyo, L.; Álvarez-Dávila, E.; Higuchi, N.; Marimon, B.S.; Marimon-Junior, B.H.; Silveira, M.; Vilanova, E.; Gloor, E.; Malhi, Y.; Chave, J.; Barlow, J.; Bonal, D.; Davila Cardozo, N.; Erwin, T.; Fauset, S.; Hérault, B.; Laurance, S.; Poorter, L.; Qie, L.; Stahl, C.; Sullivan, M.J.P.; ter Steege, H.; Vos, V.A.; Zuidema, P.A.; Almeida, E.; Almeida de Oliveira, E.; Andrade, A.; Vieira, S.A.; Aragão, L.; Araujo-Murakami, A.; Arets, E.; Aymard C, G.A.; Baraloto, C.; Camargo, P.B.; Barroso, J.G.; Bongers, F.; Boot, R.; Camargo, J.L.; Castro, W.; Chama Moscoso, V.; Comiskey, J.; Cornejo Valverde, F.; Lola da Costa, A.C.; del Aguila Pasquel, J.; Di Fiore, A.; Fernanda Duque, L.; Elias, F.; Engel, J.; Flores Llampazo, G.; Galbraith, D.; Herrera Fernández, R.; Honorio Coronado, E.; Hubau, W.; Jimenez-Rojas, E.; Lima, A.J.N.; Umetsu, R.K.; Laurance, W.; Lopez-Gonzalez, G.; Lovejoy, T.; Aurelio Melo Cruz, O.; Morandi, P.S.; Neill, D.; Núñez Vargas, P.; Pallqui Camacho, N.C.; Parada Gutierrez, A.; Pardo, G.; Peacock, J.; Peña-Claros, M.; Peñuela-Mora, M.C.; Petronelli, P.; Pickavance, G.C.; Pitman, N.; Prieto, A.; Quesada, C.; Ramírez-Angulo, H.; Réjou-Méchain, M.; Restrepo Correa, Z.; Roopsind, A.; Rudas, A.; Salomão, R.; Silva, N.; Silva Espejo, J.; Singh, J.; Stropp, J.; Terborgh, J.; Thomas, R.; Toledo, M.; Torres-Lezama, A.; Valenzuela Gamarra, L.; van de Meer, P.J.; van der Heijden, G.; van der Hout, P.; Vasquez Martinez, R.; Vela, C.; Vieira, I.C.G.; Phillips, O.L. |
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Compositional response of Amazon forests to climate change |
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2019 |
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Global Change Biology |
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Global Change Biol. |
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25 |
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1 |
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39-56 |
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bioclimatic niches; climate change; compositional shifts; functional traits; temporal trends; tropical forests; bioclimatology; climate change; floristics; lowland environment; niche; temporal variation; tropical forest; Amazonia; carbon dioxide; water; biodiversity; Brazil; classification; climate change; ecosystem; forest; physiology; season; tree; tropic climate; Biodiversity; Brazil; Carbon Dioxide; Climate Change; Ecosystem; Forests; Seasons; Trees; Tropical Climate; Water |
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Most of the planet's diversity is concentrated in the tropics, which includes many regions undergoing rapid climate change. Yet, while climate-induced biodiversity changes are widely documented elsewhere, few studies have addressed this issue for lowland tropical ecosystems. Here we investigate whether the floristic and functional composition of intact lowland Amazonian forests have been changing by evaluating records from 106 long-term inventory plots spanning 30 years. We analyse three traits that have been hypothesized to respond to different environmental drivers (increase in moisture stress and atmospheric CO 2 concentrations): maximum tree size, biogeographic water-deficit affiliation and wood density. Tree communities have become increasingly dominated by large-statured taxa, but to date there has been no detectable change in mean wood density or water deficit affiliation at the community level, despite most forest plots having experienced an intensification of the dry season. However, among newly recruited trees, dry-affiliated genera have become more abundant, while the mortality of wet-affiliated genera has increased in those plots where the dry season has intensified most. Thus, a slow shift to a more dry-affiliated Amazonia is underway, with changes in compositional dynamics (recruits and mortality) consistent with climate-change drivers, but yet to significantly impact whole-community composition. The Amazon observational record suggests that the increase in atmospheric CO 2 is driving a shift within tree communities to large-statured species and that climate changes to date will impact forest composition, but long generation times of tropical trees mean that biodiversity change is lagging behind climate change. |
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Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Pará, Brazil |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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13541013 (Issn) |
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Cited By :21; Export Date: 6 January 2020; Correspondence Address: Esquivel-Muelbert, A.; School of Geography, University of LeedsUnited Kingdom; email: adriane.esquivel@gmail.com |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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905 |
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Barraza, F.; Schreck, E.; Lévêque, T.; Uzu, G.; Lopez, F.; Ruales, J.; Prunier, J.; Marquet, A.; Maurice, L. |
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Cadmium bioaccumulation and gastric bioaccessibility in cacao: A field study in areas impacted by oil activities in Ecuador |
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2017 |
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Environmental Pollution |
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229 |
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950-963 |
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Cacao; Cadmium; Ecuador; Health risk assessment; Uptake and bioaccumulation |
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Cacao from South America is especially used to produce premium quality chocolate. Although the European Food Safety Authority has not established a limit for cadmium (Cd) in chocolate raw material, recent studies demonstrate that Cd concentrations in cacao beans can reach levels higher than the legal limits for dark chocolate (0.8 mg kg−1, effective January 1st, 2019). Despite the fact that the presence of Cd in agricultural soils is related to contamination by fertilizers, other potential sources must be considered in Ecuador. This field study was conducted to investigate Cd content in soils and cacao cultivated on Ecuadorian farms in areas impacted by oil activities. Soils, cacao leaves, and pod husks were collected from 31 farms in the northern Amazon and Pacific coastal regions exposed to oil production and refining and compared to two control areas. Human gastric bioaccessibility was determined in raw cacao beans and cacao liquor samples in order to assess potential health risks involved. Our results show that topsoils (0–20 cm) have higher Cd concentrations than deeper layers, exceeding the Ecuadorian legislation limit in 39% of the sampling sites. Cacao leaves accumulate more Cd than pod husks or beans but, nevertheless, 50% of the sampled beans have Cd contents above 0.8 mg kg−1. Root-to-cacao transfer seems to be the main pathway of Cd uptake, which is not only regulated by physico-chemical soil properties but also agricultural practices. Additionally, natural Cd enrichment by volcanic inputs must not be neglected. Finally, Cd in cacao trees cannot be considered as a tracer of oil activities. Assuming that total Cd content and its bioaccessible fraction (up to 90%) in cacao beans and liquor is directly linked to those in chocolate, the health risk associated with Cd exposure varies from low to moderate. |
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Laboratoire des Sciences du Bois, UMR EcoFoG, ZI Pariacabo, Kourou, French Guiana |
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Cited By :1; Export Date: 4 June 2018 |
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806 |
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Réjou-Méchain, M.; Muller-Landau, H.C.; Detto, M.; Thomas, S.C.; Le Toan, T.; Saatchi, S.S.; Barreto-Silva, J.S.; Bourg, N.A.; Bunyavejchewin, S.; Butt, N.; Brockelman, W.Y.; Cao, M.; Cárdenas, D.; Chiang, J.-M.; Chuyong, G.B.; Clay, K.; Condit, R.; Dattaraja, H.S.; Davies, S.J.; Duque, A.; Esufali, S.; Ewango, C.; Fernando, R.H.S.; Fletcher, C.D.; N. Gunatilleke, I.A.U.; Hao, Z.; Harms, K.E.; Hart, T.B.; Herault, B.; Howe, R.W.; Hubbell, S.P.; Johnson, D.J.; Kenfack, D.; Larson, A.J.; Lin, L.; Lin, Y.; Lutz, J.A.; Makana, J.-R.; Malhi, Y.; Marthews, T.R.; Mcewan, R.W.; Mcmahon, S.M.; Mcshea, W.J.; Muscarella, R.; Nathalang, A.; Noor, N.S.M.; Nytch, C.J.; Oliveira, A.A.; Phillips, R.P.; Pongpattananurak, N.; Punchi-Manage, R.; Salim, R.; Schurman, J.; Sukumar, R.; Suresh, H.S.; Suwanvecho, U.; Thomas, D.W.; Thompson, J.; Uríarte, M.; Valencia, R.; Vicentini, A.; Wolf, A.T.; Yap, S.; Yuan, Z.; Zartman, C.E.; Zimmerman, J.K.; Chave, J. |
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Local spatial structure of forest biomass and its consequences for remote sensing of carbon stocks |
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2014 |
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Biogeosciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biogeosciences |
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11 |
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23 |
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6827-6840 |
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Advances in forest carbon mapping have the potential to greatly reduce uncertainties in the global carbon budget and to facilitate effective emissions mitigation strategies such as REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation). Though broad-scale mapping is based primarily on remote sensing data, the accuracy of resulting forest carbon stock estimates depends critically on the quality of field measurements and calibration procedures. The mismatch in spatial scales between field inventory plots and larger pixels of current and planned remote sensing products for forest biomass mapping is of particular concern, as it has the potential to introduce errors, especially if forest biomass shows strong local spatial variation. Here, we used 30 large (8-50 ha) globally distributed permanent forest plots to quantify the spatial variability in aboveground biomass density (AGBD in Mg ha-1) at spatial scales ranging from 5 to 250 m (0.025-6.25 ha), and to evaluate the implications of this variability for calibrating remote sensing products using simulated remote sensing footprints. We found that local spatial variability in AGBD is large for standard plot sizes, averaging 46.3% for replicate 0.1 ha subplots within a single large plot, and 16.6% for 1 ha subplots. AGBD showed weak spatial autocorrelation at distances of 20-400 m, with autocorrelation higher in sites with higher topographic variability and statistically significant in half of the sites. We further show that when field calibration plots are smaller than the remote sensing pixels, the high local spatial variability in AGBD leads to a substantial “dilution” bias in calibration parameters, a bias that cannot be removed with standard statistical methods. Our results suggest that topography should be explicitly accounted for in future sampling strategies and that much care must be taken in designing calibration schemes if remote sensing of forest carbon is to achieve its promise. |
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Institute of Biology University of the Philippines DilimanQuezon City, Philippines |
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Cited By :1; Export Date: 30 January 2015 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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Kunstler, G.; Falster, D.; Coomes, D.A.; Hui, F.; Kooyman, R.M.; Laughlin, D.C.; Poorter, L.; Vanderwel, M.; Vieilledent, G.; Wright, S.J.; Aiba, M.; Baraloto, C.; Caspersen, J.; Cornelissen, J.H.C.; Gourlet-Fleury, S.; Hanewinkel, M.; Herault, B.; Kattge, J.; Kurokawa, H.; Onoda, Y.; Peñuelas, J.; Poorter, H.; Uriarte, M.; Richardson, S.; Ruiz-Benito, P.; Sun, I.-F.; Ståhl, G.; Swenson, N.G.; Thompson, J.; Westerlund, B.; Wirth, C.; Zavala, M.A.; Zeng, H.; Zimmerman, J.K.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Westoby, M. |
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Title |
Plant functional traits have globally consistent effects on competition |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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529 |
Issue |
7585 |
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204-207 |
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Phenotypic traits and their associated trade-offs have been shown to have globally consistent effects on individual plant physiological functions, but how these effects scale up to influence competition, a key driver of community assembly in terrestrial vegetation, has remained unclear. Here we use growth data from more than 3 million trees in over 140,000 plots across the world to show how three key functional traits – wood density, specific leaf area and maximum height – consistently influence competitive interactions. Fast maximum growth of a species was correlated negatively with its wood density in all biomes, and positively with its specific leaf area in most biomes. Low wood density was also correlated with a low ability to tolerate competition and a low competitive effect on neighbours, while high specific leaf area was correlated with a low competitive effect. Thus, traits generate trade-offs between performance with competition versus performance without competition, a fundamental ingredient in the classical hypothesis that the coexistence of plant species is enabled via differentiation in their successional strategies. Competition within species was stronger than between species, but an increase in trait dissimilarity between species had little influence in weakening competition. No benefit of dissimilarity was detected for specific leaf area or wood density, and only a weak benefit for maximum height. Our trait-based approach to modelling competition makes generalization possible across the forest ecosystems of the world and their highly diverse species composition. © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. |
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Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan |
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Cited By :1; Export Date: 29 January 2016 |
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653 |
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