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Author |
Odonne, G.; Bourdy, G.; Beauchene, J.; Houel, E.; Stien, D.; Chevolot, L.; Deharo, E. |
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Title |
From Tonic-cups to Bitter-cups: Kwasi bita beker from Suriname Determination, past and present use of an ancient galenic artefact |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Journal of Ethnopharmacology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Ethnopharmacol. |
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Volume |
110 |
Issue  |
2 |
Pages |
318-322 |
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Keywords |
Tonic-cup; Bitter-cup; Quassia amara; Suriname; traditional remedy |
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Abstract |
In the main markets of Paramaribo (Suriname), many stands offer what is locally called “Bitter-cups”, or “Kwasi bita beker”, small footed-cups, roughly carved from a whitish wood. The use of these cups is strictly medicinal and it seems to be restricted to Suriname, as they are not found in neighbouring countries (Guyana, French Guiana). The aim of this study was to identify the botanical origin of Bitter-cups still in use in the Saramaka traditional medicine (as information from field people was controversial), and document the ethnopharmacology of this original galenical artefact. Microscopic and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses were carried out on Bitter-cup, and anatomical criteria (marginal parenchyma band, size of intervessel and vessel-ray pits, rays width and rays composition, vessels clustering, frequency and size of parenchyma pits) together with HPLC profiles of the macerates showed that the wood cup was similar to Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae) wood. Ethnopharmacological investigation indicates that the use of these cups is simply due to the pharmacological properties attributed to “bitters”, and is strongly linked to tradition and cultural attitudes. This study also emphasizes the long lasting use of these cups, now restricted to Suriname only, with almost no variation over one century. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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Address |
Univ Toulouse 3, Ctr IRD, UMR 152, F-97323 Cayenne, France, Email: genevieve.bourdy@ird.fr |
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ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD |
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0378-8741 |
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ISI:000245486900012 |
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no |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
166 |
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Author |
Bonal, D.; Born, C.; Brechet, C.; Coste, S.; Marcon, E.; Roggy, J.C.; Guehl, J.M. |
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Title |
The successional status of tropical rainforest tree species is associated with differences in leaf carbon isotope discrimination and functional traits |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Annals of Forest Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann. For. Sci. |
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Volume |
64 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
169-176 |
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Keywords |
C-13; functional diversity; leaf gas exchange; species grouping; tropical rainforest |
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Abstract |
We characterised the among species variability in leaf gas exchange and morphological traits under controlled conditions of seedlings of 22 tropical rainforest canopy species to understand the origin of the variability in leaf carbon isotope discrimination (Delta) among species with different growth and dynamic characteristics (successional gradient). Our results first suggest that these species pursue a consistent strategy in terms of. throughout their ontogeny (juveniles grown here versus canopy adult trees from the natural forest). Second, leaf Delta was negatively correlated with WUE and N, and positively correlated with g(s), but among species differences in Delta were mainly explained by differences in WUE. Finally, species belonging to different successional groups display distinct leaf functional and morphological traits. We confirmed that fast growing early successional species maximise carbon assimilation with high stomatal conductance. In contrast, fast and slow growing late successional species are both characterised by low carbon assimilation values, but by distinct stomatal conductance and leaf morphological features. Along the successional gradient, these differences result in much lower Delta for the intermediate species (i.e. fast growing late successional) as compared to the two other groups. |
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Address |
INRA Kourou, UMR Ecol Forets Guyane, F-97387 Kourou, Guyane, France, Email: damien.bonal@kourou.cirad.fr |
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EDP SCIENCES S A |
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1286-4560 |
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ISI:000244438100006 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
169 |
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Author |
Maron, P.A.; Schimann, H.; Ranjard, L.; Brothier, E.; Domenach, A.M.; Lensi, R.; Nazaret, S. |
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Title |
Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative recovery of bacterial communities from different soil types by density gradient centrifugation |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
European Journal of Soil Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Eur. J. Soil Biol. |
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Volume |
42 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
65-73 |
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Keywords |
bacterial community; soil; density gradient; DNA fingerprint |
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Abstract |
Extracting and purifying a representative fraction of bacteria from soil is necessary for the application of many techniques of microbial ecology. Here the influence of different soil types on the quantitative and qualitative recovery of bacteria by soil grinding and Nycodenz density gradient centrifugation was investigated. Three soils presenting contrasted physicochemical characteristics were used for this study. For each soil, the total (AODC: acridine orange direct count) and culturable (cfa: colony-forming units) bacterial densities were measured in three distinct fractions: (i) the primary soil, (ii) the soil pellet (soil remaining after centrifugation), and (iii) the extracted cells. The automated-ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (A-RISA) was used to characterize the community structure directly from the DNA extracted from each fraction. The physicochemical characteristics of soils were found to influence both the efficiency of bacterial cell recovery and the representativeness of the extracted cells in term of community structures between the different fractions. Surprisingly, the most representative extracted cells were obtained from the soil exhibiting the lowest efficiency of cell recovery. Our results demonstrated that quantitative and qualitative cell recovery using Nycodenz density gradient centrifugation are not necessarily related and could be differentially biased according to soil type. (c) 2006 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. |
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Address |
Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5557, Ctr Microbial Ecol, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France, Email: nazaret@biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr |
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ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER |
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ISSN |
1164-5563 |
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Notes |
ISI:000238534500001 |
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no |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
181 |
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Author |
Hardy, O.J.; Maggia, L.; Bandou, E.; Breyne, P.; Caron, H.; Chevallier, M.H.; Doligez, A.; Dutech, C.; Kremer, A.; Latouche-Halle, C.; Troispoux, V.; Veron, V.; Degen, B. |
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Title |
Fine-scale genetic structure and gene dispersal inferences in 10 Neotropical tree species |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Molecular Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Mol. Ecol. |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
559-571 |
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Keywords |
French Guiana; gene dispersal; seed dispersal; spatial genetic structure; tropical trees |
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Abstract |
The extent of gene dispersal is a fundamental factor of the population and evolutionary dynamics of tropical tree species, but directly monitoring seed and pollen movement is a difficult task. However, indirect estimates of historical gene dispersal can be obtained from the fine-scale spatial genetic structure of populations at drift-dispersal equilibrium. Using an approach that is based on the slope of the regression of pairwise kinship coefficients on spatial distance and estimates of the effective population density, we compare indirect gene dispersal estimates of sympatric populations of 10 tropical tree species. We re-analysed 26 data sets consisting of mapped allozyme, SSR (simple sequence repeat), RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) or AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) genotypes from two rainforest sites in French Guiana. Gene dispersal estimates were obtained for at least one marker in each species, although the estimation procedure failed under insufficient marker polymorphism, limited sample size, or inappropriate sampling area. Estimates generally suffered low precision and were affected by assumptions regarding the effective population density. Averaging estimates over data sets, the extent of gene dispersal ranged from 150 m to 1200 m according to species. Smaller gene dispersal estimates were obtained in species with heavy diaspores, which are presumably not well dispersed, and in populations with high local adult density. We suggest that limited seed dispersal could indirectly limit effective pollen dispersal by creating higher local tree densities, thereby increasing the positive correlation between pollen and seed dispersal distances. We discuss the potential and limitations of our indirect estimation procedure and suggest guidelines for future studies. |
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Address |
Univ Libre Bruxelles, Serv Ecoethol Evolut, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, Email: ohardy@ulb.ac.be |
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BLACKWELL PUBLISHING |
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ISSN |
0962-1083 |
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Notes |
ISI:000235045500021 |
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no |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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183 |
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Author |
Marchal, R.; Mothe, F.; Denaud, L.E.; Thibaut, B.; Bleron, L. |
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Title |
Cutting forces in wood machining – Basics and applications in industrial processes. A review COST Action E35 2004-2008: Wood machining – micromechanics and fracture |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Holzforschung |
Abbreviated Journal |
Holzforschung |
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Volume |
63 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
157-167 |
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Keywords |
cutting forces; online control; peeling process; physico-mechanical model; sound; vibrations; wood industry; wood machining |
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Abstract |
The data available in the literature concerning wood cutting forces permits to build models or to simulate the main wood machining processes ( milling, sawing, peeling, etc.). This approach contributes to a better understanding of formation of wood surfaces and chips and the data may be helpful to optimise cutting geometry, reduce tool wear, improve tool material, and to size tool-machines. The models may also be useful for industrial application in two ways: ( 1) providing data to optimise the settings for a given operation ( batch approach), and ( 2) building predictive models that could be the basis of an online control system for the machining processes ( interactive approach). A prerequisite for this is that numerous machining tests on different wood materials are performed based on experiences with different kind of tools and experimental devices. With a focus on potential industrial applications, the emphasis of this review was on the wood peeling process, which is a very demanding special case of wood cutting. Although not so many industrial machines are equipped with expensive force sensors, there is a lot of high quality information available about cutting forces which may be useful to improve the scientific or technological knowledge in wood machining. Alternative parameters, such as vibration or sound measurements, appear to be promising substitutes in the praxis, particularly to feed online control systems of any wood cutting process. |
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Address |
[Marchal, Remy; Bleron, Laurent] Arts & Metiers ParisTech, LABOMAP, F-71250 Cluny, France, Email: remy.marchal@cluny.ensam.fr |
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WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO |
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ISSN |
0018-3830 |
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Notes |
ISI:000263932200006 |
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no |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
205 |
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Author |
Ponton, S.; Flanagan, L.B.; Alstad, K.P.; Johnson, B.G.; Morgenstern, K.; Kljun, N.; Black, T.A.; Barr, A.G. |
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Title |
Comparison of ecosystem water-use efficiency among Douglas-fir forest, aspen forest and grassland using eddy covariance and carbon isotope techniques |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Global Change Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Glob. Change Biol. |
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Volume |
12 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
294-310 |
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Keywords |
boreal forest; conifer forest; eddy covariance; grassland; stable isotopes |
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Abstract |
Comparisons were made among Douglas-fir forest, aspen (broad leaf deciduous) forest and wheatgrass (C-3) grassland for ecosystem-level water-use efficiency (WUE). WUE was defined as the ratio of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate and evapotranspiration (ET) rate. The ET data measured by eddy covariance were screened so that they overwhelmingly represented transpiration. The three sites used in this comparison spanned a range of vegetation (plant functional) types and environmental conditions within western Canada. When compared in the relative order Douglas-fir (located on Vancouver Island, BC), aspen (northern Saskatchewan), grassland (southern Alberta), the sites demonstrated a progressive decline in precipitation and a general increase in maximum air temperature and atmospheric saturation deficit (D-max) during the mid-summer. The average (+/- SD) WUE at the grassland site was 2.6 +/- 0.7 mmol mol(-1), which was much lower than the average values observed for the two other sites (aspen: 5.4 +/- 2.3, Douglas-fir: 8.1 +/- 2.4). The differences in WUE among sites were primarily because of variation in ET. The highest maximum ET rates were approximately 5, 3.2 and 2.7 mm day(-1) for the grassland, aspen and Douglas-fir sites, respectively. There was a strong negative correlation between WUE and D-max for all sites. We also made seasonal measurements of the carbon isotope ratio of ecosystem respired CO2 (delta(R)) in order to test for the expected correlation between shifts in environmental conditions and changes to the ecosystem-integrated ratio of leaf intercellular to ambient CO2 concentration (c(i)/c(a)). There was a consistent increase in delta(R) values in the grassland, aspen forest and Douglas-fir forest associated with a seasonal reduction in soil moisture. Comparisons were made between WUE measured using eddy covariance with that calculated based on D and delta(R) measurements. There was excellent agreement between WUE values calculated using the two techniques. Our delta(R) measurements indicated that c(i)/c(a) values were quite similar among the Douglas-fir, aspen and grassland sites, despite large variation in environmental conditions among sites. This implied that the shorter-lived grass species had relatively high c(i)/c(a) values for the D of their habitat. By contrast, the longer-lived Douglas-fir trees were more conservative in water-use with lower c(i)/c(a) values relative to their habitat D. This illustrates the interaction between biological and environmental characteristics influencing ecosystem-level WUE. The strong correlation we observed between the two independent measurements of WUE, indicates that the stable isotope composition of respired CO2 is a useful ecosystem-scale tool to help study constraints to photosynthesis and acclimation of ecosystems to environmental stress. |
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Univ Lethbridge, Dept Biol Sci, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada, Email: larry.flanagan@uleth.ca |
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BLACKWELL PUBLISHING |
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ISSN |
1354-1013 |
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Notes |
ISI:000234974900013 |
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no |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
226 |
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Author |
Delaval, M.; Henry, M.; Charles-Dominique, P. |
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Title |
Interspecific competition and niche partitioning: Example of a neotropical rainforest bat community |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Rev. Ecol.-Terre Vie |
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Volume |
60 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
149-165 |
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Abstract |
To understand the organization of a bat community and the coexistence of sympatric species, it is essential to understand how species use and share common resources. First, we describe a bat community in a primary rainforest of French Guiana. The presence of particular roosting sites, such as caves, and the absence of disturbances are important local factors in structuring communities. In the course of this study, we focused on the three most common species of three vegetarian bat guilds (understorey frugivores, canopy frugivores and nectarivores). The local coexistence of these species is possible thanks to space, food and/or time partitioning. Space partitioning is consistent with the hypothesis that smaller bats with a more manoeuvrable flight tend to occupy more cluttered space less attractive to their competitors and have smaller home range. We observed a time partitioning that is likely to reduce competition among some frugivorous bat species by reducing direct interference during foraging. Besides an interest for the field community ecology, this study of a community living in a primary forest can be used as a reference for non disturbed habitat for conservation purposes. |
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Address |
Dept Ecol & Gestion Biodivers, UMR 5176, F-91800 Brunoy, France, Email: marguerite.delaval@wanadoo.fr |
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Publisher |
SOC NATL PROTECTION NATURE ACCLIMATATION FRANCE |
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0249-7395 |
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Notes |
ISI:000230973300005 |
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no |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
231 |
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Author |
Dutech, C.; Joly, H.I.; Jarne, P. |
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Title |
Gene flow, historical population dynamics and genetic diversity within French Guianan populations of a rainforest tree species, Vouacapoua americana |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Heredity |
Abbreviated Journal |
Heredity |
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Volume |
92 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
69-77 |
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Keywords |
bottleneck; climatic change; extinction-recolonization; microsatellite; neotropical rainforest; pollen and seed dispersal |
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Abstract |
Both gene flow and historical events influence the genetic diversity of natural populations. One way to understand their respective impact is to analyze population genetic structure at large spatial scales. We studied the distribution of genetic diversity of 17 populations of Vouacapoua americana (Caesalpiniaceae) in French Guiana, using nine micro satellite loci. Low genetic diversity was observed within populations, with a mean allelic richness and gene diversity of 4.1 and 0.506, respectively, which could be due to low effective population size and/or past bottlenecks. Using the regression between F-st/(1-F-st), estimated between pairs of populations, and the logarithm of the geographical distance, the spatial genetic structure can partly be explained by isolation-by-distance and limited gene flow among populations. This result is in agreement with the species' biology, including seed and pollen dispersal by rodents and insects, respectively. In contrast, no clear genetic signal of historical events was found when examining genetic differentiation among populations in relation to biogeographical hypotheses or by testing for bottlenecks within populations. Our conclusion is that nuclear spatial genetic structure of V. americana, at the geographic scale of French Guiana, is better explained by gene flow rather than by historical events. |
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Address |
Cirad Foret Silvolab, Lab Genet & Ecol Mol, F-97387 Kourou, France, Email: cdutech@bordeaux.inra.fr |
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Publisher |
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP |
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0018-067X |
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Notes |
ISI:000188431700003 |
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no |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
240 |
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Author |
Clair, B.; Gril, J.; Baba, K.; Thibaut, B.; Sugiyama, J. |
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Title |
Precautions for the structural analysis of the gelatinous layer in tension wood |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
IAWA Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
IAWA J. |
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Volume |
26 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
189-195 |
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Keywords |
artefact; fibre wall; gelatinous layer (G-layer); tension wood |
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Abstract |
The gelatinous layer (G-layer) of tension wood fibres in hardwood contributes to the mechanical function of the living tree and has significant consequences on properties of solid wood. Its size, shape and structure observed by optical or electron microscopy exhibits characteristic anatomical features. However, we found that sectioning of non-embedded wood samples results in an uncontrolled swelling of the G-layer. In order to assess this artefact, the shape and thickness of the G-layer was monitored by serial sections from an embedded wood sample, from its trimmed transverse face to that located several hundreds of micrometres deep. The results revealed that the initial cutting before embedding produced a border effect responsible for the swollen nature, which is similar to sections from non-embedded material. After a conventional embedding technique was applied, a section of at least 30 micrometres below the trimming surface is required to observe an un-swollen G-layer. |
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Address |
Kyoto Univ, Res Inst Sustainable Humanosphere, Lab Biomass Morphogenesis & Informat, Kyoto 6110011, Japan, Email: clair@blmgc.univ.montp2.fr |
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Publisher |
INT ASSOC WOOD ANATOMISTS |
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ISSN |
0928-1541 |
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Notes |
ISI:000229698100003 |
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no |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
254 |
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Author |
Degen, B.; Roubilk, D.W. |
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Title |
Effects of animal pollination on pollen dispersal, selfing, and effective population size of tropical trees: A simulation study |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Biotropica |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biotropica |
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Volume |
36 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
165-179 |
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Keywords |
Amazon; bees; Brazil; Dipteryx; Jacaranda; model; pollination; sensitivity analysis; trees |
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Abstract |
Animals, especially insects, are principal pollen vectors of tropical trees and have behavior patterns that affect gene dispersal. Here, we explore complex pollination systems using a new simulation model Eco-Gene and considering, among other factors, flowering synchrony. spatial distribution of trees, degree of selfing, population densities, pollinator flight distances, pollen deposition, and pollinator response to floral display size. Sensitivity analyses using two contrasting tree data sets (Jacaranda copaia and Dipteryx odorata) determined the importance of each parameter on three response variables: the proportion of seeds from self-pollination, effective population size, and pollen dispersal. Spatial considerations and attractiveness of floral displays were prominent features determining the population genetic result of pollinators, and some biological implications of the results are discussed. |
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INRA, Kourou 97387, French Guiana, Email: degen_b@kourou.cirad.fr |
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ASSOC TROPICAL BIOLOGY INC |
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0006-3606 |
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ISI:000222092900006 |
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no |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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264 |
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