| Records |
| Author |
Fournier, M.; Dlouhá, J.; Jaouen, G.; Almeras, T. |
| Title |
Integrative biomechanics for tree ecology: Beyond wood density and strength |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Botany |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Exp. Bot. |
| Volume |
64 |
Issue |
15 |
Pages |
4793-4815 |
| Keywords |
Biomechanics; Ecological strategy; Gravitropism; Shape; Size; Trees; Wood |
| Abstract |
Functional ecology has long considered the support function as important, but its biomechanical complexity is only just being elucidated. We show here that it can be described on the basis of four biomechanical traits, two safety traits against winds and self-buckling, and two motricity traits involved in sustaining an upright position, tropic motion velocity (MV) and posture control (PC). All these traits are integrated at the tree scale, combining tree size and shape together with wood properties. The assumption of trait constancy has been used to derive allometric scaling laws, but it was more recently found that observing their variations among environments and functional groups, or during ontogeny, provides more insights into adaptive syndromes of tree shape and wood properties. However, oversimpli-fed expressions have often been used, possibly concealing key adaptive drivers. An extreme case of oversimplification is the use of wood basic density as a proxy for safety. Actually, as wood density is involved in stiffiness, loads, and construction costs, the impact of its variations on safety is non-trivial. Moreover, other wood features, especially the microfibril angle (MFA), are also involved. Furthermore, wood is not only stiff and strong, but it also acts as a motor for MV and PC. The relevant wood trait for this is maturation strain asymmetry. Maturation strains vary with cell-wall characteristics such as MFA, rather than with wood density. Finally, the need for further studies about the ecological relevance of branching patterns, motricity traits, and growth responses to mechanical loads is discussed. © The Author 2013. |
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CNRS, Université de Montpellier 2, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil, 34095 Montpellier, France |
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Cited By (since 1996):1; Export Date: 2 December 2013; Source: Scopus; Coden: Jeboa; doi: 10.1093/jxb/ert279; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Fournier, M.; AgroParisTech, UMR 1092 LERFOB, 54000 Nancy, France; email: meriem.fournier@agroparistech.fr; References: Achim, A., Ruel, J.C., Gardiner, B.A., Lafamme, G., Meunier, S., Modelling the vulnerability of balsam fr forests to wind damage (2005) Forest Ecology and Management, 204, pp. 35-50; Almeras, T., Costes, E., Salles, J.C., Identification of biomechanical factors involved in stem shape variability between apricot-tree varieties (2004) Annals of Botany, 93, pp. 1-14; Almeras, T., Derycke, M., Jaouen, G., Beauchene, J., Fournier, M., Functional diversity in gravitropic reaction among tropical seedlings in relation to ecological and developmental traits (2009) Journal of Experimental Botany, 60, pp. 4397-4410; Almeras, T., Fournier, M., Biomechanical design and longterm stability of trees: Morphological and wood traits involved in the balance between weight increase and the gravitropic reaction (2009) Journal of Theoretical Biology, 256, pp. 370-381; Almeras, T., Gril, J., Costes, E., Bending of apricot tree branches under the weight of axillary growth: Test of a mechanical model with experimental data (2002) Trees – Structure and Function, 16, pp. 5-15; Almeras, T., Thibaut, A., Gril, J., Effect of circumferential heterogeneity of wood maturation strain, modulus of elasticity and radial growth on the regulation of stem orientation in trees (2005) Trees – Structure and Function, 19, pp. 457-467; Anten, N.P.R., Schieving, F., The role of wood mass density and mechanical constraints in the economy of tree architecture (2010) American Naturalist, 175, pp. 250-260; Archer, R.R., Wilson, B.F., Mechanics of the compression wood response II. 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Approved |
no |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
Serial |
513 |
| Permanent link to this record |
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| Author |
Herault, B.; Bachelot, B.; Poorter, L.; Rossi, V.; Bongers, F.; Chave, J.; Paine, C.E.T.; Wagner, F.; Baraloto, C. |
| Title |
Functional traits shape ontogenetic growth trajectories of rain forest tree species |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Journal of Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Ecol. |
| Volume |
99 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1431-1440 |
| Keywords |
Bayesian modelling; Functional traits; Growth modelling; Leaf economics; Leaf-height-seed strategy; Plant development and life-history traits; Plant strategy; Stem economics; Tropical rain forest |
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1.Functional traits are posited to explain interspecific differences in performance, but these relationships are difficult to describe for long-lived organisms such as trees, which exhibit strong ontogenetic changes in demographic rates. Here, we use a size-dependent model of tree growth to test the extent to which of 17 functional traits related to leaf and stem economics, adult stature and seed size predict the ontogenetic trajectory of tree growth. 2.We used a Bayesian modelling framework to parameterize and contrast three size-dependent diameter growth models using 16years of census data from 5524 individuals of 50 rain forest tree species: a size-dependent model, a size-dependent model with species-specific parameters and a size-dependent model based on functional traits. 3.Most species showed clear hump-shaped ontogenetic growth trajectories and, across species, maximum growth rate varied nearly tenfold, from 0.58 to 5.51mmyear-1. Most species attained their maximum growth at 60% of their maximum size, whereas the magnitude of ontogenetic changes in growth rate varied widely among species. 4.The Trait-Model provided the best compromise between explained variance and model parsimony and needed considerably fewer parameters than the model with species terms. 5.Stem economics and adult stature largely explained interspecific differences in growth strategy. Maximum absolute diameter growth rates increased with increasing adult stature and leaf δ13C and decreased with increasing wood density. Species with light wood had the greatest potential to modulate their growth, resulting in hump-shaped ontogenetic growth curves. Seed size and leaf economics, generally thought to be of paramount importance for plant performance, had no significant relationships with the growth parameters. 6.Synthesis. Our modelling approach offers a promising way to link demographic parameters to their functional determinants and hence to predict growth trajectories in species-rich communities with little parameter inflation, bridging the gap between functional ecology and population demography. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Ecology © 2011 British Ecological Society. |
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Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States |
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Export Date: 21 October 2011; Source: Scopus; Coden: Jecoa; doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01883.x; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Hérault, B.; Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, 97387 Kourou Cedex, France; email: bruno.herault@ecofog.gf |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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342 |
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Gourlet-Fleury, S.; Rossi, V.; Rejou-Mechain, M.; Freycon, V.; Fayolle, A.; Saint-André, L.; Cornu, G.; Gérard, J.; Sarrailh, J.-M.; Flores, O.; Baya, F.; Billand, A.; Fauvet, N.; Gally, M.; Henry, M.; Hubert, D.; Pasquier, A.; Picard, N. |
| Title |
Environmental filtering of dense-wooded species controls above-ground biomass stored in African moist forests |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Journal of Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Ecol. |
| Volume |
99 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
981-990 |
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Basal area; Central African Republic; Determinants of plant community diversity and structure; Life-history strategy; Soil fertility; Species sorting; Vital rates; Water reserve; Wood density; aboveground biomass; basal area; climate change; data set; database; diameter; forest ecosystem; forest inventory; life history trait; nutrient availability; physical property; plant community; resource availability; soil fertility; soil nutrient; soil texture; soil type; stem; tropical forest; wood; Central African Republic |
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1.Regional above-ground biomass estimates for tropical moist forests remain highly inaccurate mostly because they are based on extrapolations from a few plots scattered across a limited range of soils and other environmental conditions. When such conditions impact biomass, the estimation is biased. The effect of soil types on biomass has especially yielded controversial results. 2.We investigated the relationship between above-ground biomass and soil type in undisturbed moist forests in the Central African Republic. We tested the effects of soil texture, as a surrogate for soil resources availability and physical constraints (soil depth and hydromorphy) on biomass. Forest inventory data were collected for trees ≥20cm stem diameter in 2754 0.5ha plots scattered over 4888km2. The plots contained 224 taxons, of which 209 were identified to species. Soil types were characterized from a 1:1000000 scale soil map. Species-specific values for wood density were extracted from the CIRAD's data base of wood technological properties. 3.We found that basal area and biomass differ in their responses to soil type, ranging from 17.8m2ha-1 (217.5tha-1) to 22.3m2ha-1 (273.3tha-1). While shallow and hydromorphic soils support forests with both low stem basal area and low biomass, forests on deep resource-poor soils are typically low in basal area but as high in biomass as forests on deep resource-rich soils. We demonstrated that the environmental filtering of slow growing dense-wooded species on resource-poor soils compensates for the low basal area, and we discuss whether this filtering effect is due to low fertility or to low water reserve. 4.Synthesis. We showed that soil physical conditions constrained the amount of biomass stored in tropical moist forests. Contrary to previous reports, our results suggest that biomass is similar on resource-poor and resource-rich soils. This finding highlights both the importance of taking into account soil characteristics and species wood density when trying to predict regional patterns of biomass. Our findings have implications for the evaluation of biomass stocks in tropical forests, in the context of the international negotiations on climate change. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Ecology © 2011 British Ecological Society. |
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CIRAD, BP 4035, Libreville, Gabon |
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Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 23 October 2011; Source: Scopus; Coden: Jecoa; doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01829.x; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Gourlet-Fleury, S.; Cirad, UR BandSEF, Biens et Services des Ecosystèmes Forestiers tropicaux, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA C-105/D, F-34398, Montpellier, France; email: sylvie.gourlet-fleury@cirad.fr |
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361 |
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Baraloto, C.; Hardy, O.J.; Paine, C.E.T.; Dexter, K.G.; Cruaud, C.; Dunning, L.T.; Gonzalez, M.-A.; Molino, J.-F.; Sabatier, D.; Savolainen, V.; Chave, J. |
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Using functional traits and phylogenetic trees to examine the assembly of tropical tree communities |
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Journal Article |
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2012 |
Publication |
Journal of Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Ecol. |
| Volume |
100 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
690-701 |
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Competition; Determinants of plant community diversity and structure; Environmental filtering; French Guiana; Functional traits; Limiting similarity; Niche; Phylogenetic signal; Tropical forests |
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Niche theory proposes that species differences underlie both coexistence within communities and the differentiation in species composition among communities via limiting similarity and environmental filtering. However, it has been difficult to extend niche theory to species-rich communities because of the empirical challenge of quantifying niches for many species. This has motivated the development of functional and phylogeny-based approaches in community ecology, which represent two different means of approximating niche attributes. Here, we assess the utility of plant functional traits and phylogenetic relationships in predicting community assembly processes using the largest trait and phylogenetic data base to date for any set of species-rich communities. We measured 17 functional traits for all 4672 individuals of 668 tree species co-occurring in nine tropical rain forest plots in French Guiana. Trait variation was summarized into two ordination axes that reflect species niche overlap. We also generated a dated molecular phylogenetic tree based on DNA sequencing of two plastid loci (rbcL and matK) comprising 97% of the individuals and 91% of the species in the plots. We found that, on average, co-occurring species had greater functional and, to a lesser extent, phylogenetic similarity than expected by chance. We also found that functional traits and their ordination loadings showed significant, albeit weak, phylogenetic signal, suggesting that phylogenetic distance provides pertinent information on niche overlap in tropical tree communities. Synthesis. We provide the most comprehensive examination to date of the relative importance of environmental filtering and limiting similarity in structuring tropical tree communities. Our results confirm that environmental filtering is the overriding influence on community assembly in these species-rich systems. © 2012 The Authors. Journal of Ecology © 2012 British Ecological Society. |
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Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, United Kingdom |
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00220477 (Issn) |
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Export Date: 24 April 2012; Source: Scopus; Coden: Jecoa; doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.01966.x; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Chave, J.; Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, UMR 5174 Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, 31062 Toulouse, France; email: chave@cict.fr |
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393 |
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Ferry, B.; Bontemps, J.-D.; Blanc, L.; Baraloto, C. |
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Is climate a stronger driver of tree growth than disturbance? A comment on Toledo et al. (2011) |
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Journal Article |
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2012 |
Publication |
Journal of Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Ecol. |
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100 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1065-1068 |
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Basal area change; Bolivia; Climate; Disturbance; Logging; Plant-climate interactions; Tree growth; Tropical forest |
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1.A recent article published by Toledo (2011b) investigates the effects of spatial variations in climate and soil, and of logging disturbance, on tree and forest growth in Bolivia. It concludes that climate is the strongest driver of tree and forest growth and that climate change may therefore have large consequences for forest productivity and carbon sequestration. However, serious methodological and conceptual discrepancies have been found that challenge these conclusions. 2.Because of an errant coding of 'time after logging' in the regression analysis, and because floristic changes induced by logging could not be incorporated into the analysis, the effect of logging on the average diameter growth is likely to have been strongly underestimated. 3.Basal area growth was improperly calculated as basal area change, and it displayed surprisingly high values, even among unlogged plots. We hypothesize that either these plots may be actually located in secondary forests recovering from past logging, or measurement biases may have hampered the data set. 4.Regardless of climate-growth relationships established across these plots, any inference concerning the potential effects of climate change on forest growth would require a specific quantitative assessment. 5.Synthesis. It is critical to re-assess the relative weight of climate and logging disturbance as driving factors of tree and forest growth, and to find an explanation for the very high basal area increment reported among the unlogged plots. We provide specific recommendations for further analyses of this and similar data sets. © 2012 British Ecological Society. |
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INRA, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, 97379 Kourou, French Guiana |
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Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 4 September 2012; Source: Scopus; Coden: Jecoa; doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01895.x; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Ferry, B.; AgroParisTech, ENGREF-Nancy, UMR 1092, F-54000 Nancy, France; email: bruno.ferry@engref.agroparistech.fr |
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426 |
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Laurans, M.; Martin, O.; Nicolini, E.; Vincent, G. |
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Functional traits and their plasticity predict tropical trees regeneration niche even among species with intermediate light requirements |
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Journal Article |
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2012 |
Publication |
Journal of Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Ecol. |
| Volume |
100 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1440-1452 |
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Canopy disturbance; Determinants of plant community diversity and structure; Growth rate; Irradiance; Leaf life span; Leaf mass per area; Niche differentiation; Phenotypic plasticity; Shade tolerance; Tropical moist forest |
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Niche differentiation is a key issue in the current debate on community assembly mechanisms. In highly diverse moist tropical forests, tree species sensitivity to canopy openness is thought to be a major axis in niche differentiation. In the past, the syndrome of traits driving the demographic trade-off involved in the niche-based theory of coexistence has always been established among species situated at the two extremities of the shade-tolerance gradient, even though most tropical tree species have intermediate light requirements. In addition, trait plasticity has seldom been linked to tropical tree species distribution along environmental gradients. This article examines covariations between leaf traits, whole-plant traits and niche parameters among 14 tree species with intermediate light requirements in French Guiana and across a range of canopy openness. Each functional trait measured under field conditions was characterized by a median value and a degree of plasticity expressed under contrasting light regimes. Niche differentiation was characterized in terms of spatial light gradient. We first examined covariations between functional traits then explored to what degree the median value and plasticity in functional traits could predict light niche characteristics at the sapling stage and the ontogenetic change in light availability estimated by adult stature. Leaf mass per area (LMA) was positively correlated with leaf life span (LLS); species with higher LMA and higher LLS displayed lower diameter growth rates (GRs) and lower responsiveness to canopy gap at both whole-plant and population levels. This proved that the relationships previously established over a broader range of species held true within the narrow range of the light requirements covered. Height GR plasticity accounted for 49% of the variation in light niche optimum. LMA plasticity, unlike LLS plasticity, was significantly correlated with light niche breadth and adult stature. Synthesis. This study demonstrates the relevance of considering the phenotypic plasticity in functional traits in community ecology, particularly for quantifying breadth of species distribution over environmental gradients. Our findings did not support Hubbell's hypothesis of functional equivalence and suggest that even a rather subtle variation in forest canopy disturbance promotes the coexistence of tropical tree species. © 2012 The Authors. Journal of Ecology © 2012 British Ecological Society. |
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UMR AMAP, IRD, TA A-51/PS2, Bd de la Lironde, France |
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Export Date: 7 November 2012; Source: Scopus; Coden: Jecoa; doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.02007.x; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Laurans, M.; UMR, AMAP, CIRAD TA A-51/PS1, Bd de la Lironde, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; email: laurans@cirad.fr |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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445 |
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Fortunel, C.; Paine, C.E.T.; Fine, P.V.A.; Kraft, N.J.B.; Baraloto, C. |
| Title |
Environmental factors predict community functional composition in Amazonian forests |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
Publication |
Journal of Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Ecol. |
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102 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
145-155 |
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Amazonian landscape; Climatic and soil gradients; Determinants of plant community diversity and structure; Environmental filtering; Functional traits; Tree communities; Tropical forests |
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The consequences of biodiversity loss for ecosystem services largely depend on the functional identities of extirpated species. However, poor descriptions of spatial patterns of community functional composition across landscapes hamper accurate predictions, particularly in highly diverse tropical regions. Therefore, understanding how community functional composition varies across environmental gradients remains an important challenge. We sampled 15 functional traits in 800 Neotropical tree species across 13 forest plots representative of the broad climatic and soil gradients encompassed by three widespread lowland forest habitats (terra firme forests on clay-rich soils, seasonally flooded forests and white-sand forests) at opposite ends of Amazonia (Peru and French Guiana). We combined univariate and multivariate approaches to test the magnitude and predictability of environmental filtering on community leaf and wood functional composition. Directional shifts in community functional composition correlated with environmental changes across the 13 plots, with denser leaves, stems and roots in forests occurring in environments with limited water and soil-nutrient availability. Critically, these relationships allowed us to accurately predict the functional composition of 61 additional forest plots from environmental data alone. Synthesis. Environmental filtering consistently shapes the functional composition of highly diverse tropical forests at large scales across the terra firme, seasonally flooded and white-sand forests of lowland Amazonia. Environmental factors drive and allow the prediction of variation in community functional composition among habitat types in Amazonian forests. © 2013 British Ecological Society. |
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Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States |
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Export Date: 31 December 2013; Source: Scopus; Coden: Jecoa; doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12160; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Fortunel, C.; INRA, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, BP 709, Kourou Cedex, 97387, France; email: claire.fortunel@ecofog.gf; Funding Details: DEB-0743103/0743800, NSF, National Science Foundation; References: Agrawal, A.A., Fishbein, M., Plant defense syndromes (2006) Ecology, 87, pp. S132-S149; Anderson, L.O., Malhi, Y., Ladle, R.J., Aragao, L., Shimabukuro, Y., Phillips, O.L., Influence of landscape heterogeneity on spatial patterns of wood productivity, wood specific density and above ground biomass in Amazonia (2009) Biogeosciences, 6, pp. 1883-1902; Asner, G.P., Alencar, A., Drought impacts on the Amazon forest: the remote sensing perspective (2010) New Phytologist, 187, pp. 569-578; Asner, G.P., Loarie, S.R., Heyder, U., Combined effects of climate and land-use change on the future of humid tropical forests (2010) Conservation Letters, 3, pp. 395-403; Baraloto, C., Paine, C.E.T., Patiño, S., Bonal, D., Herault, B., Chave, J., Functional trait variation and sampling strategies in species-rich plant communities (2010) Functional Ecology, 24, pp. 208-216; Baraloto, C., Paine, C.E.T., Poorter, L., Beauchene, J., Bonal, D., Domenach, A.M., Hérault, B., Chave, J., Decoupled leaf and stem economics in rain forest trees (2010) Ecology Letters, 13, pp. 1338-1347; Baraloto, C., Rabaud, S., Molto, Q., Blanc, L., Fortunel, C., Hérault, B., Davila, N., Fine, P.V.A., Disentangling stand and environmental correlates of aboveground biomass in Amazonian forests (2011) Global Change Biology, 17, pp. 2677-2688; Baraloto, C., Molto, Q., Rabaud, S., Hérault, B., Valencia, R., Blanc, L., Fine, P.V.A., Thompson, J., Rapid simultaneous estimation of aboveground biomass and tree diversity across Neotropical forests: a comparison of field inventory methods (2013) Biotropica, 45, pp. 288-298; Belyea, L.R., Lancaster, J., Assembly rules within a contingent ecology (1999) Oikos, 86, pp. 402-416; Berry, S.L., Roderick, M.L., Estimating mixtures of leaf functional types using continental-scale satellite and climatic data (2002) Global Ecology and Biogeography, 11, pp. 23-39; Brando, P.M., Nepstad, D.C., Balch, J.K., Bolker, B., Christman, M.C., Coe, M., Putz, F.E., Fire-induced tree mortality in a neotropical forest: the roles of bark traits, tree size, wood density and fire behavior (2012) Global Change Biology, 18, pp. 630-641; Burnham, K.P., Anderson, D.R., Multimodel inference – understanding AIC and BIC in model selection (2004) Sociological Methods & Research, 33, pp. 261-304; Calcagno, V., de Mazancourt, C., glmulti: an R package for easy automated model selection with (generalized) linear models (2010) Journal of Statistical Software, 34, pp. 1-29; Chapin, F.S., BretHarte, M.S., Hobbie, S.E., Zhong, H.L., Plant functional types as predictors of transient responses of arctic vegetation to global change (1996) Journal of Vegetation Science, 7, pp. 347-358; Chaturvedi, R.K., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J.S., Leaf attributes and tree growth in a tropical dry forest (2011) Journal of Vegetation Science, 22, pp. 917-931; Chave, J., Coomes, D., Jansen, S., Lewis, S.L., Swenson, N.G., Zanne, A.E., Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum (2009) Ecology Letters, 12, pp. 351-366; Cingolani, A.M., Cabido, M., Gurvich, D.E., Renison, D., Diaz, S., Filtering processes in the assembly of plant communities: are species presence and abundance driven by the same traits? 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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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520 |
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Almeras, T.; Fournier, M. |
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Biomechanical design and long-term stability of trees: Morphological and wood traits involved in the balance between weight increase and the gravitropic reaction |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
Publication |
Journal of Theoretical Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Theor. Biol. |
| Volume |
256 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
370-381 |
| Keywords |
Mechanical design; Gravitropism; Bending stresses; Allometry; Reaction wood |
| Abstract |
Studies on tree biomechanical design usually focus on stem stiffness, resistance to breakage or uprooting, and elastic stability. Here we consider another biomechanical constraint related to the interaction between growth and gravity. Because stems are slender structures and are never perfectly symmetric, the increase in tree mass always causes bending movements. Given the current mechanical design of trees, integration of these movements over time would ultimately lead to a weeping habit unless some gravitropic correction occurs. This correction is achieved by asymmetric internal forces induced during the maturation of new wood. The long-term stability of a growing stem therefore depends on how the gravitropic correction that is generated by diameter growth balances the disturbance due to increasing self weight. General mechanical formulations based on beam theory are proposed to model these phenomena. The rates of disturbance and correction associated with a growth increment are deduced and expressed as a function of elementary traits of stem morphology, cross-section anatomy and wood properties. Evaluation of these traits using previously published data shows that the balance between the correction and the disturbance strongly depends on the efficiency of the gravitropic correction, which depends on the asymmetry of wood maturation strain, eccentric growth, and gradients in wood stiffness. By combining disturbance and correction rates, the gravitropic performance indicates the dynamics of stem bending during growth. It depends on stem biomechanical traits and dimensions. By analyzing dimensional effects, we show that the necessity for gravitropic correction might constrain stem allometric growth in the long-term. This constraint is compared to the requirement for elastic stability, showing that gravitropic performance limits the increase in height of tilted stem and branches. The performance of this function may thus limit the slenderness and lean of stems, and therefore the ability of the tree to capture light in a heterogeneous environment. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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[Almeras, T.; Fournier, M.] INRA, UMR Ecol Forets Guyane, F-97310 Kourou, France, Email: t_almeras@hotmail.com |
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ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD |
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0022-5193 |
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ISI:000263077100008 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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123 |
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Conte, D.E.; Aboulaich, A.; Robert, F.; Olivier-Fourcade, J.; Jumas, J.C.; Jordy, C.; Willmann, P. |
| Title |
Sn-x[BPO4](1-x) composites as negative electrodes for lithium ion cells: Comparison with amorphous SnB0.6P0.4O2.9 and effect of composition |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Journal of Solid State Chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Solid State Chem. |
| Volume |
183 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
65-75 |
| Keywords |
Sn-based composites; Lithium-ion batteries; Negative electrodes; Mossbauer spectroscopy; LixSn alloys |
| Abstract |
A comparative study of two Sn-based composite materials as negative electrode for Li-ion accumulators is presented. The former SnB0.6P0.4O2.9 obtained by in-situ dispersion of SnO in an oxide matrix is shown to be an amorphous tin composite oxide (ATCO). The latter Sn-0.72[BPO4](0.28) obtained by ex-situ dispersion of Sri in a borophosphate matrix consists of Sri particles embedded in a crystalline BPO4 matrix. The electrochemical responses of ATCO and Sn-0.72.[BPO4](0.28) composite in galvanostatic mode show reversible capacities of about 450 and 530 mAhg(-1), respectively, with different irreversible capacities (60% and 29%). Analysis of these composite materials by Sn-119 Mossbauer spectroscopy in transmission (TMS) and emission (CEMS) modes confirms that ATCO is an amorphous Sn-II composite oxide and shows that in the case of Sn-0.72[BPO4](0.28), the Surface of the tin clusters is mainly formed by Sn-II in an amorphous interface whereas the bulk of the clusters is mainly formed by Sn-0. The determination of the recoilless free fractions f (Lamb-Mossbauer factors) leads to the effective fraction of both Sn-0 and Sn-II species in such composites. The influence of chemical composition and especially of the surface-to-bulk tin species ratio oil the electrochemical behaviour has been analysed for several Sn-x[BPO4](1-x) composite materials (0.17 < x < 0.91). The cell using the compound Sn-0.72[BPO4](0.28) as active material exhibits interesting electrochemical performances (reversible capacity of 500 mAh g(-1) at C/5 rate). (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. |
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[Conte, Donato Ercole; Aboulaich, Abdelmaula; Robert, Florent; Olivier-Fourcade, Josette; Jumas, Jean-Claude] Univ Montpellier 2, CNRS, UMR 5253,Inst Charles Gerhardt, Equipe Agregats Interfaces & Mat Energie, F-34095 Montpellier, France, Email: iguanasornione@libero.it |
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ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE |
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0022-4596 |
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ISI:000273834600010 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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83 |
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Stien, D.; Gastaldi, S. |
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Design of polyaromatic hydrocarbon-supported tin reagents: A new family of tin reagents easily removable from reaction mixtures |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
Publication |
Journal of Organic Chemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Org. Chem. |
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69 |
Issue |
13 |
Pages |
4464-4470 |
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We report in this paper the preparation and use of stannanes 11, 12a, and 12b, compounds whose 3-pyrenylpropyl side chain affinity for activated carbon simplifies tin removal and product isolation. Our pyrene-supported reagents can be used for radical reductions and cyclizations (11), radical and cationic allylations (12a), and Stille couplings (12b) in much the same way as tributyltin derivatives. |
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CNRS UPS 2561, Cayenne 97300, French Guiana, Email: didier.stien@guyane.cnrs.fr |
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AMER CHEMICAL SOC |
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0022-3263 |
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ISI:000222187200022 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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263 |
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