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Siefert, A.; Violle, C.; Chalmandrier, L.; Albert, C.H.; Taudiere, A.; Fajardo, A.; Aarssen, L.W.; Baraloto, C.; Carlucci, M.B.; Cianciaruso, M.V.; de L. Dantas, V.; de Bello, F.; Duarte, L.D.S.; Fonseca, C.R.; Freschet, G.T.; Gaucherand, S.; Gross, N.; Hikosaka, K.; Jackson, B.; Jung, V.; Kamiyama, C.; Katabuchi, M.; Kembel, S.W.; Kichenin, E.; Kraft, N.J.B.; Lagerström, A.; Bagousse-Pinguet, Y.L.; Li, Y.; Mason, N.; Messier, J.; Nakashizuka, T.; Overton, J.M.; Peltzer, D.A.; Pérez-Ramos, I.M.; Pillar, V.D.; Prentice, H.C.; Richardson, S.; Sasaki, T.; Schamp, B.S.; Schöb, C.; Shipley, B.; Sundqvist, M.; Sykes, M.T.; Vandewalle, M.; Wardle, D.A. |
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A global meta-analysis of the relative extent of intraspecific trait variation in plant communities |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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Ecology Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ecology Letters |
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18 |
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12 |
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1406-1419 |
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Community ecology; Functional diversity; Interspecific variation; Intraspecific variability; Leaf trait; Plant functional trait; Trait-based ecology |
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Recent studies have shown that accounting for intraspecific trait variation (ITV) may better address major questions in community ecology. However, a general picture of the relative extent of ITV compared to interspecific trait variation in plant communities is still missing. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of the relative extent of ITV within and among plant communities worldwide, using a data set encompassing 629 communities (plots) and 36 functional traits. Overall, ITV accounted for 25% of the total trait variation within communities and 32% of the total trait variation among communities on average. The relative extent of ITV tended to be greater for whole-plant (e.g. plant height) vs. organ-level traits and for leaf chemical (e.g. leaf N and P concentration) vs. leaf morphological (e.g. leaf area and thickness) traits. The relative amount of ITV decreased with increasing species richness and spatial extent, but did not vary with plant growth form or climate. These results highlight global patterns in the relative importance of ITV in plant communities, providing practical guidelines for when researchers should include ITV in trait-based community and ecosystem studies. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd/CNRS. |
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Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, Lund, Sweden |
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Export Date: 16 November 2015 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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637 |
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Sierra, J.; Daudin, D.; Domenach, A.M.; Nygren, P.; Desfontaines, L. |
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Nitrogen transfer from a legume tree to the associated grass estimated by the isotopic signature of tree root exudates: A comparison of the N-15 leaf feeding and natural N-15 abundance methods |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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European Journal of Agronomy |
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Eur. J. Agron. |
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27 |
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2-4 |
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178-186 |
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agroforestry; box model; gliricidia sepium; N-15 fractionation; root turnover; tree pruning |
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Nitrogen (N) transfer from legume trees to associated crops is a key factor for the N economy of low-input agroforestry systems. In this work, we presented a new approach to estimate N transfer based on the N-15 content of root exudates and N released by root turnover of the donor plant (Gliricidia sepium) and the temporal change of the N-15 content of the receiver plant (Dichanthium aristatum). The study was carried out in greenhouse using two isotopic methods: N-15 leaf feeding (LF) and the natural N-15 abundance (NA). Measurements of exudate N-15 were made at several dates before and after tree pruning. A time-dependent box model was devised to quantify N transfer in time and to make comparisons between the isotopic methods. In NA, although tree roots and exudates presented a similar N-15 signature before tree pruning, exudates were strongly depleted in N-15 after pruning. In LF, exudates were always depleted in N-15 in relation to tree roots. Hence, the current assumption used in N transfer studies concerning the equal N-15/N-14 distribution in tissues of the donor plant and in its excreted N was not confirmed in our study. Before pruning, N transfer functioned as a two-N-source system (soil N and exudates N) and both isotopic methods provided similar estimates: 11-12% for LF and 10-15% for NA. Calculations per-formed with the model indicated that N transfer occurred with small or nil fractionation of N-15 in exudates. After pruning, there was a third N source associated with N released from tree root turnover. During this period, the isotopic signature of the receiver plant showed a transient state due to the progressive decrease of N-15 content of that N source. The amount of N derived from the tree represented 65% of the total N content of the. grass at the end of the experiments. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
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INRA, Unite Agropedioclimat, UR135, Petit Bourg 97170, Guadeloupe, Email: jorge.sierra@antilles.inra.fr |
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ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV |
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1161-0301 |
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ISI:000249798900003 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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157 |
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Sist, P.; Blanc, L.; Mazzei, L.; Baraloto, C.; Aussenac, R. |
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Current knowledge on overall post-logging biomass dynamics in Northern Amazonian forests |
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Journal Article |
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2012 |
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Bois et Forets des Tropiques |
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Bois Forets Tropiques |
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66 |
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314 |
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41-49 |
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Above ground-biomass; Amazonian rainforests; Logging impact; Silviculture |
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This article presents the effects of logging on the dynamics of above-ground biomass from the results of the post-logging study within two forests: Cikel in Eastern Pará, Brazil and Paracou in French Guiana. The main objective is to compare the impact of commercial logging on the regeneration of the aboveground biomass in these forests whose characteristics differ in terms of structure and growth. In both sites, the intensity of exploitation is a key factor in determining the loss of biomass and the time required for its regeneration. In Paracou, the regeneration of biomass lost during conventional logging of 10 trees per hectare takes 45 years and more than 100 years when operating with higher intensity (21 trees/ha ). In Cikel the forest biomass regenerates after 49 years harvesting 6 trees/ha and that takes 87 years after removal of 8 trees/ha. This regeneration needs similar time on both sites but with lower logging intensity at Cikel, in which felled trees are larger with a greater biomass than those of Paracou. This post-logging study has established a direct correlation of the dynamics of the biomass with the initial structure of the forest, as well as with the parameters of forest dynamics: mortality, growth and recruitment. The accumulation of biomass by the tree growth of the two remaining stands is a key parameter for the net carbon storage, while the contribution of recruitment in Paracou becomes significant only after 10 years after felling. Therefore in view to improve the growth of residual trees, it is compulsory to apply adequate silvicultural treatments such as selective thinning or removal of vines. While the two forests are geographically close enough, their regenerative abilities differ and because of the significant difference in size of the trees, the forest could tolerate more intensive harvesting in French Guiana. |
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Université Antilles-Guyane Cayenne, Guyane, France |
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0006579x (Issn) |
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Export Date: 5 June 2013; Source: Scopus; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Cirad UR B and SEF, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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489 |
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Sist, P.; Brown, N. |
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Silvicultural intensification for tropical forest conservation: a response to Fredericksen and Putz |
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2004 |
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Biodiversity and Conservation |
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13 |
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12 |
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2381-2385 |
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0960-3115 |
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WOS:000225691300011 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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308 |
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Sist, P.; Fimbel, R.; Sheil, D.; Nasi, R.; Chevallier, M.H. |
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Towards sustainable management of mixed dipterocarp forests of South-east Asia: moving beyond minimum diameter cutting limits |
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2003 |
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Environmental Conservation |
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30 |
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4 |
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364-374 |
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Selective logging applied in tropical forests is based on one universal criterion: a minimum diameter cutting limit for all commercial timber species. Minimum diameter cutting limits in mixed dipterocarp forests of the Malesia region lead to high felling intensities (10-20+ trees ha(-1)). Such extraction rates create massive stand damage (> 50% of the remaining tree population), which has a negative impact on the regeneration and growth of many harvested dipterocarp, species. As such, the minimum diameter cutting limit approach is seldom compatible with sustainable forest management. Where basic ecological characteristics of the commercial species are considered in timber harvesting prescriptions, mixed dipterocarp, forests appear capable of sustained timber yields, habitat conservation, and providing other goods and services. This paper first presents the main silvicultural systems developed in mixed dipterocarp, forests of Western Malesia and then reviews current knowledge of dipterocarp, biology to finally develop guidelines aimed at improving the ecological sustainability of production forests of Western Malesia. These guidelines, a pragmatic reflection of science and 'best guess' judgement, include: (1) integration of reduced-impact logging practices into normal management operations; (2) cutting of eight trees ha(-1) or less (with a felling cycle of 40-60 years to be determined according to local conditions); (3) defining minimum diameter cutting limits according to the structure, density and diameter at reproduction of target species; (4) avoiding harvesting species with less than one adult tree ha(-1) (diameter at breast height [dbh] greater than or equal to 50 cm over an area of 50-100 ha); (5) minimizing the size and connectivity of gaps (< 600 m(2) whenever possible); (6) refraining from treatments such as understorey clearing; and (7) providing explicit protection for key forest species and the ecological processes they perform. Further refinement is encouraged to allow for local conditions, and for other forest types. |
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0376-8929 |
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WOS:000188812100007 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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309 |
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Sist, P.; Nguyen-The, N. |
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Logging damage and the subsequent dynamics of a dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan (1990-1996) |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
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Forest Ecology and Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
For. Ecol. Manage. |
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165 |
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1-3 |
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85-103 |
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The effects of logging damage on forest dynamics processes were assessed in a lowland dipterocarp forest of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. From 1990 to 1991, twelve 4 ha plots (200 m x 200 m) each divided into four I ha subplots were set up and all trees with dbh greater than or equal to 10 cm measured and identified at least at the generic level. Logging was carried out from November 1991 to March 1992 in nine plots while three plots served as control. The 48 subplots were grouped according to the proportion Of remaining basal area after harvesting, as follows: group I with more than 80% of the original basal area remaining, group 2 with 70-79%, group 3 with less than 70%, and group 4 as control plots. Remeasurements were carried out just after logging in 1992 and then every 2 years until 1996. Felling intensity varied from I to 17 stems ha(-1) (50-250 m(3) ha(-1)). In primary forest, mean annual mortality remained constant to 1.5% per year throughout the study period while mean annual mortality rate was significantly higher in logged-over forest (2.6% per year). This higher rate resulted from a higher mortality of injured trees (4.9% per year). Four years after logging, mortality rates in logged-over and primary forest were similar. Recruitment remained constant at 8 trees ha(-1) per year in primary forest and varied from 14 to 32 trees ha(-1) per year in logged-over stand in proportion with the amount of damage. In stands with the lowest remaining basal area, the establishment and growth of dipterocarps was strongly limited by the strong regeneration of pioneer species. This study suggests that total basal area removed by logging in primary forest (harvested trees and trees killed during felling and skidding) should not exceed 15% of the original one; reduced-impact logging (RIL) techniques applied with a maximum harvesting intensity of 8 trees ha(-1), can keep logging damage under this threshold. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. |
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0378-1127 |
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WOS:000176620100008 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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312 |
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Sist, P.; Picard, N.; Gourlet-Fleury, S. |
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Sustainable cutting cycle and yields in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest of Borneo |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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Annals of Forest Science |
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Ann. For. Sci. |
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60 |
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8 |
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803-814 |
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Based on a 6 year monitoring of the dynamics of a mixed dipterocarp forest in East Borneo (1990-1996), we built a matrix model to predict the sustainable cutting cycle in relation with the extraction and damage rates. Plots were ordered according to three main groups of damage and logging intensity. The first group G1 gathered slightly damaged plots with a remaining basal area greater than or equal to80% of the original (mean logging intensity = 6 trees ha(-1)). Plots belonging to G2, had a remaining basal area varying between 70 and 79% of the original one (mean logging intensity = 8 trees ha(-1)). Finally, G3 gathers highly damaged plots with a remaining basal area < 70% of the original one and a high logging intensity (mean = 14 trees ha(-1)). The mean sustainable cutting cycles predicted in the three groups were significantly different and equal 27, 41 and 89 years in G1, G2 and G3 respectively. However, the respective mean annual extracted volumes were similar: 1.6, 1.8 and 1.4 m(3) ha(-1) year(-1), respectively in G1, G2 and G3. The model suggests that a 40 year cycle, extracting 8 trees ha(-1) (60 m(3) ha(-1)) and an annual volume of 1.5 m(3) ha(-1) year(-1) is the best option to preserve ecological integrity of the forest, to ensure yield sustainability and, according to existing cost analysis, economic profitability. This result is also consistent with other studies which already demonstrated that logging damage reduction using RIL techniques could be only significant with a moderate felling intensity not exceeding 8 trees ha(-1). This felling intensity threshold can be easily achieved by applying simple harvesting rules. |
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1286-4560 |
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WOS:000221039000007 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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310 |
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Sist, P.; Rutishauser, E.; Peña-Claros, M.; Shenkin, A.; Herault, B.; Blanc, L.; Baraloto, C.; Baya, F.; Benedet, F.; da Silva, K.E.; Descroix, L.; Ferreira, J.N.; Gourlet-Fleury, S.; Guedes, M.C.; Bin Harun, I.; Jalonen, R.; Kanashiro, M.; Krisnawati, H.; Kshatriya, M.; Lincoln, P.; Mazzei, L.; Medjibé, V.; Nasi, R.; d'Oliveira, M.V.N.; de Oliveira, L.C.; Picard, N.; Pietsch, S.; Pinard, M.; Priyadi, H.; Putz, F.E.; Rodney, K.; Rossi, V.; Roopsind, A.; Ruschel, A.R.; Shari, N.H.Z.; Rodrigues de Souza, C.; Susanty, F.H.; Sotta, E.D.; Toledo, M.; Vidal, E.; West, T.A.P.; Wortel, V.; Yamada, T. |
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The Tropical managed forests Observatory: A research network addressing the future of tropical logged forests |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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Applied Vegetation Science |
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Appl. Veg. Sci. |
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18 |
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1 |
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171-174 |
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Biodiversity; Carbon cycle; Climate change; Ecosystem resilience; Logging; Silviculture; Tropical forests; Tropical managed forests Observatory |
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While attention on logging in the tropics has been increasing, studies on the long-term effects of silviculture on forest dynamics and ecology remain scare and spatially limited. Indeed, most of our knowledge on tropical forests arises from studies carried out in undisturbed tropical forests. This bias is problematic given that logged and disturbed tropical forests are now covering a larger area than the so-called primary forests. A new network of permanent sample plots in logged forests, the Tropical managed Forests Observatory (TmFO), aims to fill this gap by providing unprecedented opportunities to examine long-term data on the resilience of logged tropical forests at regional and global scales. TmFO currently includes 24 experimental sites distributed across three tropical regions, with a total of 490 permanent plots and 921 ha of forest inventories. To improve our knowledge of the resilience of tropical logged forests, 20 research institutes are now collaborating on studies on the effects of logging on forest structure, productivity, biodiversity and carbon fluxes at large spatial and temporal scales. These studies are carried out in the Tropical managed Forests Observatory (TmFO), an international network including 24 sites and 490 permanent sample plots across South America, Africa and South East Asia. |
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Duke University's Nicholas School of the EnvironmentNorth Carolina, United States |
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Wiley-Blackwell |
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14022001 (Issn) |
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Export Date: 12 December 2014; Coden: Avscf; Correspondence Address: Sist, P.; Cirad, UR 105 TA/10CFrance |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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571 |
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Sist, P.; Sheil, D.; Kartawinata, K.; Priyadi, H. |
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Reduced-impact logging in Indonesian Borneo: some results confirming the need for new silvicultural prescriptions |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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Forest Ecology and Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
For. Ecol. Manage. |
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179 |
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1-3 |
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415-427 |
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Reduced-impact logging (RIL) and conventional techniques (CNV) were compared in a mixed dipterocarp hill forest in East Kalimantan in three blocks of about 100 ha each. Damage was evaluated using pre- and post-harvesting assessments in 24 one-hectare sample plots. RIL techniques nearly halved the number of trees destroyed (36 vs 60 trees/ha). RIL's main benefit was in the reduction of skidding damage (9.5% of the original tree population in RIL vs 25% in CNV). Before logging, mean canopy openness in CNV (three plots only) and RIL (9 plots) was similar (3.6 and 3.1%) and not significantly different (x(2) = 2.73, P = 0.254). After logging, the mean canopy openness was 19.2% in CNV (n = 9 plots) and 13.3% in RIL (n = 8 plots), and the distributions of the canopy class in RIL and CNV significantly different x(2) = 43.56, P < 0.001). CNV plots showed a higher proportion of measurements in the most open class greater than or equal to30% than in RIL. At a larger scale, the area of skidtrail per unit timber volume extracted was halved in the RIL compartment (15 m(2) vs 27 m(2) m(-3) for CNV). However, under high felling intensity (>8 trees/ha), both stand damage and canopy disturbance in RIL approached those recorded in CNV under low or moderate felling regime. Over this felling intensity threshold the effectiveness of RIL in reducing tree damage is limited. In mixed dipterocarp forest where harvestable timber density generally exceeds 10 trees/ha, a minimum diameter felling limit is clearly insufficient to keep extraction rates below 8 trees/ha. Based on these new results and previous studies in Borneo, we suggest three silvicultural rules: (1) to keep a minimum distance between stumps of ca. 40 m, (2) to ensure only single tree gaps using directional felling, (3) to harvest only stems with 60-100 cm dbh. Foresters, policy makers and certifiers should consider these as criteria for sustainable forest management. We emphasise the need to expand harvesting studies to look at impacts and trade-offs across larger forest landscapes, to expand RIL beyond silvicultural concepts and to include the maintenance of other forest goods and services. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. |
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0378-1127 |
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WOS:000183836300033 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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311 |
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Author |
Sobotnik, J.; Sillam-Dusses, D.; Weyda, F.; Dejean, A.; Roisin, Y.; Hanus, R.; Bourguignon, T. |
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Title |
The frontal gland in workers of Neotropical soldierless termites |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
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Naturwissenschaften |
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Naturwissenschaften |
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97 |
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5 |
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495-503 |
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Frontal gland; Workers; Soldierless termites; Apicotermitinae; Anoplotermes; Aparatermes |
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Abstract |
The presence of the frontal gland is well established in termite soldiers of Rhinotermitidae, Serritermitidae, and Termitidae. It is one of their main defensive adaptations or even an exclusive weapon. The gland was also occasionally reported in alate imagoes, but never in the worker caste. Here, we report the first observation of a frontal gland in workers of several Neotropical and one African species of Apicotermitinae. The ultrastructure of Aparatermes cingulatus and Anoplotermes nr. subterraneus is described in detail. In these two species, the gland is well-developed, functional and consists of class 1 secretory cells. The presence of envelope cells, wrapping the gland, is an unusual feature, as well as the presence of several zonulae adherens, connecting neighbouring glandular cells. The frontal gland of workers is homologous to this organ in soldiers and imagoes, as evidenced by the same position in the head and its connection to the same muscle. However, the defensive role of the frontal gland in workers remains to be confirmed. |
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[Sobotnik, Jan; Sillam-Dusses, David; Hanus, Robert] Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Organ Chem & Biochem, Res Team Infochem, CR-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic, Email: robert@uochb.cas.cz |
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0028-1042 |
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ISI:000277318800007 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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285 |
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