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Odonne, G.; Houel, E.; Bourdy, G.; Stien, D. |
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Treating leishmaniasis in Amazonia: A review of ethnomedicinal concepts and pharmaco-chemical analysis of traditional treatments to inspire modern phytotherapies |
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2017 |
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Journal of Ethnopharmacology |
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Journal of Ethnopharmacology |
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199 |
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211-230 |
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Amazonia; Distribution indexes; Ethnomedecine; Interculturality; Leishmaniasis; Medicinal plants; Traditional medicine |
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Ethnopharmacological relevance Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis are neglected tropical diseases that occur in all intertropical regions of the world. Amazonian populations have developed an abundant knowledge of the disease and its remedies. Therefore, we undertook to review traditional antileishmanial plants in Amazonia and have developed new tools to analyze this somewhat dispersed information. Material and methods A literature review of traditional remedies for cutaneous/mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the Amazon was conducted and the data obtained was used to calculate distribution indexes designed to highlight the most relevant uses in Amazonia. The cultural distribution index represents the distribution rate of a given taxon among different cultural groups and was calculated as the ratio of the number of groups using the taxon to the total number of groups cited. The geographical distribution index allowed us to quantify spatial distribution of a taxon's uses in Amazonia and was calculated geometrically by measuring the average distance between the points where uses have been reported and the barycenter of those points. The general distribution index was defined as an arithmetic combination of the previous two and provides information on both cultural and spatial criteria. Results 475 use reports, concerning 291 botanical species belonging to 83 families have been gathered depicted from 29 sources. Uses concern 34 cultural groups. While the use of some taxa appears to be Pan-Amazonian, some others are clearly restricted to small geographical regions. Particular attention has been paid to the recipes and beliefs surrounding treatments. Topical application of the remedies dominated the other means of administration and this deserves particular attention as the main treatments against Neotropical leishmaniasis are painful systemic injections. The data set was analyzed using the previously defined distribution indexes and the most relevant taxa were further discussed from a phytochemical and pharmacological point of view. Conclusions The Amazonian biodiversity and cultural heritage host a fantastic amount of data whose systematic investigation should allow a better large-scale understanding of the dynamics of traditional therapies and the consequent discovery of therapeutic solutions for neglected diseases. Distribution indices are indeed powerful tools for emphasizing the most relevant treatments against a given disease and should be very useful in the meta-analysis of other regional pharmacopeia. This focus on renowned remedies that have not yet benefitted from extended laboratory studies, could stimulate future research on new treatments of natural origin for leishmaniasis. © 2017 Elsevier Ireland Ltd |
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Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France |
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Export Date: 27 February 2017 |
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Nirma, C.; Eparvier, V.; Stien, D. |
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Reactivation of antibiosis in the entomogenous fungus Chrysoporthe sp. SNB-CN74 |
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2015 |
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Journal of Antibiotics |
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Journal of Antibiotics |
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68 |
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9 |
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586-590 |
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Chrysoporthe sp. SNB-CN74 was isolated from a Nasutitermes corniger nest, and its ethyl acetate extract was found to exhibit very strong antibacterial activity. Two antibacterial metabolites were isolated, (-)-R-skyrin (2) and (+)-rugulosin A (3). Eventually, the fungus lost its antibiotic potential when subcultured, and the use of yeast extract induced the re-expression of these two antibiotics. Yeast extract possibly activated a cryptic pathway by mimicking the presence of an ecological competitor. © 2015 Japan Antibiotics Research Association All rights reserved. |
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Sorbonne Universités, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-mer, France |
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Export Date: 12 October 2015 |
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Scotti, I.; Montaigne, W.; Cseke, K.; Traissac, S. |
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Life after disturbance (II): the intermediate disturbance hypothesis explains genetic variation in forest gaps dominated by Virola michelii Heckel (Myristicaceae) |
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2015 |
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Annals of Forest Science |
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Annals of Forest Science |
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72 |
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8 |
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1035-1042 |
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Amazon; Bayesian clustering; Demogenetics; Guiana shield; Parentage analysis; Regeneration; Spatial genetic structure; Tropical rainforest |
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Key message: Genetic diversity appears to be unaffected by disturbance in a stand of the light-demanding Neotropical treeV. michelii. Although spatial genetic structure is modified in post-disturbance cohorts, mixing of seeds from different mother trees in canopy gaps appears to efficiently maintain genetic admixture. Context: The interplay between genetic and demographic processes has major consequences on population viability. Population size affects demographic trends, while genetic diversity insures viability by reducing risks of inbreeding depression and by maintaining adaptive potential. Yet, the consequences of increases in census size (as opposed to effective size) on genetic diversity of forest populations are poorly known. Aims: We have studied the structure of genetic diversity in populations of saplings of the light-responsive tree, Virola michelii (Myristicaceae, the nutmeg family), in two plots having undergone different levels of canopy-gap opening disturbance. This allowed us to test the “intermediate disturbance” hypothesis, which generally applies to species diversity, at the intra-specific scale. Methods: Levels and distribution of genetic diversity were compared between plots and between life stages. Sapling parentage was analysed to infer each adult tree’s contribution to regeneration. Results: Genetic diversity was higher, and spatial genetic structure was stronger in the post-disturbance than in the control seedling population. Parentage analysis suggested that a limited number of parents contributed to most of the regeneration, but that efficient mixing of their progeny may have enhanced the diversity of saplings occupying canopy gaps. Conclusion: A mixture of demo-genetic processes may contribute to maintain genetic diversity in spite of, or possibly due to, ecosystem disturbance in V. michelii. © 2015, INRA and Springer-Verlag France. |
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Solicaz, Guyane Technopôle, 16 bis Rue du 14 Juillet, Cayenne, French Guiana |
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Export Date: 14 December 2015 |
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642 |
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Michalet, S.; Rohr, J.; Warshan, D.; Bardon, C.; Roggy, J.-C.; Domenach, A.-M.; Czarnes, S.; Pommier, T.; Combourieu, B.; Guillaumaud, N.; Bellvert, F.; Comte, G.; Poly, F. |
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Phytochemical analysis of mature tree root exudates in situ and their role in shaping soil microbial communities in relation to tree N-acquisition strategy |
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2013 |
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Plant Physiology and Biochemistry |
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Plant Physiol. Biochem. |
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72 |
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169-177 |
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Chemical ecology; Denitrification; Eperua falcata; Metabolic profiling; Mycorrhizae; Plant-microbes interactions; Root exudates |
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Eperua falcata (Aublet), a late-successional species in tropical rainforest and one of the most abundant tree in French Guiana, has developed an original strategy concerning N-acquisition by largely preferring nitrate, rather than ammonium (H. Schimann, S. Ponton, S. Hättenschwiler, B. Ferry, R. Lensi, A.M. Domenach, J.C. Roggy, Differing nitrogen use strategies of two tropical rainforest tree species in French Guiana: evidence from 15N natural abundance and microbial activities, Soil Biol. Biochem. 40 (2008) 487-494). Given the preference of this species for nitrate, we hypothesized that root exudates would promote nitrate availability by (a) enhancing nitrate production by stimulating ammonium oxidation or (b) minimizing nitrate losses by inhibiting denitrification.Root exudates were collected in situ in monospecific planted plots. The phytochemical analysis of these exudates and of several of their corresponding root extracts was achieved using UHPLC/DAD/ESI-QTOF and allowed the identification of diverse secondary metabolites belonging to the flavonoid family.Our results show that (i) the distinct exudation patterns observed are related to distinct root morphologies, and this was associated with a shift in the root flavonoid content, (ii) a root extract representative of the diverse compounds detected in roots showed a significant and selective metabolic inhibition of isolated denitrifiers invitro, and (iii) in soil plots the abundance of nirK-type denitrifiers was negatively affected in rhizosphere soil compared to bulk. Altogether this led us to formulate hypothesis concerning the ecological role of the identified compounds in relation to N-acquisition strategy of this species. © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. |
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SOLICAZ, c/o Guyane Technopole 16 bis rue du 14 Juillet, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana |
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Export Date: 15 November 2013; Source: Scopus; Coden: Ppbie; doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.003; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Michalet, S.; Université Lyon1, CNRS, UMR5557, INRA, USC1364, Ecologie Microbienne, Centre d'Etude des Substances Naturelles, Pavillon Nétien, ISPB, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon cedex, France; email: sergemichalet@yahoo.fr |
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509 |
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Schimann, H.; Petit-Jean, C.; Guitet, S.; Reis, T.; Domenach, A.M.; Roggy, J.-C. |
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Microbial bioindicators of soil functioning after disturbance: The case of gold mining in tropical rainforests of French Guiana |
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2012 |
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Ecological Indicators |
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Ecol. Indic. |
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20 |
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34-41 |
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Bioindicators; DEA/SIR ratio; Denitrifying Enzyme Activity (DEA); Disturbance; Substrate Induced Respiration (SIR); Tropical rainforest |
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In the context of an ongoing monitoring study on the impacts of gold-mining activities on critical ecosystem processes, we explored the use of soil Denitrifying Enzyme Activity (DEA) and Substrate Induced Respiration (SIR) as ecosystem indicators in tropical rainforests of French Guiana. We also propose DEA/SIR ratio as ecosystem attribute able to describe the state of an ecosystem and to reflect changes in ecological processes. With this purpose, we measured SIR, DEA and DEA/SIR ratio in five gold-mining areas and five surrounding natural reference rainforests. We also measured indicators in two conditions of spontaneous regeneration of vegetation (stratified or not) and two conditions of soil rehabilitation (prior preparation of soils or not). We showed a high variability of DEA, SIR and DEA/SIR ratio in the natural reference forests. This pointed out the necessity to identify relevant reference systems – i.e. proving a close match in all relevant ecological dimensions – to compare with closed perturbed systems in order to assess the levels of alterations after disturbances. Results showed a high impact of gold mine on microbial processes with a strong decrease of DEA (10-fold lower), SIR (2-fold lower) and DEA/SIR ratio (8-fold lower) in perturbed areas in comparison with natural reference forests. The type of spontaneous vegetation (stratified or not) influenced the values of indicators as well as prior rehabilitation of soils, demonstrating the capacity of DEA, SIR and DEA/SIR ratio to respond in proportion to the perturbation (robustness) and to the different levels of restoration (sensitivity). The systematic decrease of the ratio DEA/SIR observed in the studied perturbed situations demonstrates clearly that the structure of microbial communities has been also modified. The ratio DEA/SIR proved to be robust and sensitive, and able to describe in fairly fine way changes of soil microbial communities in terms of structure and function in gold mine areas and during processes of restoration. We propose to use DEA, SIR and DEA/SIR ratio as bioindicators of both structural and functional aspects of C and N cycling in soils. Together with others bioindicators based on key supporting functions in soils, these indicators should accurately evaluate the ecological potential of natural ecosystems and the levels of degradation in case of land-use changes. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. |
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SOLICAZ – Campus Agronomique, BP 76, 97389 Kourou Cedex, France |
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Export Date: 2 May 2012; Source: Scopus; doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.01.021; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Schimann, H.; INRA-Joint Research Unit Ecology of Guiana Forests (Ecofog), Campus Agronomique, BP 709, 97387 Kourou Cedex, France; email: heidy.schimann@ecofog.gf |
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396 |
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Torroba-Balmori, P.; Budde, K.B.; Heer, K.; González-Martínez, S.C.; Olsson, S.; Scotti-Saintagne, C.; Casalis, M.; Sonké, B.; Dick, C.W.; Heuertz, M. |
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Altitudinal gradients, biogeographic history and microhabitat adaptation affect fine-scale spatial genetic structure in African and Neotropical populations of an ancient tropical tree species |
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2017 |
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PLoS ONE |
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PLoS ONE |
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12 |
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e0182515 |
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The analysis of fine-scale spatial genetic structure (FSGS) within populations can provide insights into eco-evolutionary processes. Restricted dispersal and locally occurring genetic drift are the primary causes for FSGS at equilibrium, as described in the isolation by distance (IBD) model. Beyond IBD expectations, spatial, environmental or historical factors can affect FSGS. We examined FSGS in seven African and Neotropical populations of the late-successional rain forest tree Symphonia globulifera L. f. (Clusiaceae) to discriminate the influence of drift-dispersal vs. landscape/ecological features and historical processes on FSGS. We used spatial principal component analysis and Bayesian clustering to assess spatial genetic heterogeneity at SSRs and examined its association with plastid DNA and habitat features. African populations (from Cameroon and São Tomé) displayed a stronger FSGS than Neotropical populations at both marker types (mean Sp = 0.025 vs. Sp = 0.008 at SSRs) and had a stronger spatial genetic heterogeneity. All three African populations occurred in pronounced altitudinal gradients, possibly restricting animal-mediated seed dispersal. Cyto-nuclear disequilibria in Cameroonian populations also suggested a legacy of biogeographic history to explain these genetic patterns. Conversely, Neotropical populations exhibited a weaker FSGS, which may reflect more efficient wide-ranging seed dispersal by Neotropical bats and other dispersers. The population from French Guiana displayed an association of plastid haplotypes with two morphotypes characterized by differential habitat preferences. Our results highlight the importance of the microenvironment for eco-evolutionary processes within persistent tropical tree populations. © 2017 Torroba-Balmori et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
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Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama |
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Export Date: 2 September 2017 |
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762 |
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Ziegler, C.; Coste, S.; Stahl, C.; Delzon, S.; Levionnois, S.; Cazal, J.; Cochard, H.; Esquivel-Muelbert, A.; Goret, J.-Y.; Heuret, P.; Jaouen, G.; Santiago, L.S.; Bonal, D. |
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Large hydraulic safety margins protect Neotropical canopy rainforest tree species against hydraulic failure during drought |
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2019 |
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Annals of Forest Science |
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Ann. Forest Sci. |
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76 |
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4 |
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115 |
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Amazon rainforest; Embolism resistance; Hydraulic safety margins; Turgor loss point; Water potential |
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Key message: Abundant Neotropical canopy-tree species are more resistant to drought-induced branch embolism than what is currently admitted. Large hydraulic safety margins protect them from hydraulic failure under actual drought conditions. Context: Xylem vulnerability to embolism, which is associated to survival under extreme drought conditions, is being increasingly studied in the tropics, but data on the risk of hydraulic failure for lowland Neotropical rainforest canopy-tree species, thought to be highly vulnerable, are lacking. Aims: The purpose of this study was to gain more knowledge on species drought-resistance characteristics in branches and leaves and the risk of hydraulic failure of abundant rainforest canopy-tree species during the dry season. Methods: We first assessed the range of branch xylem vulnerability to embolism using the flow-centrifuge technique on 1-m-long sun-exposed branches and evaluated hydraulic safety margins with leaf turgor loss point and midday water potential during normal- and severe-intensity dry seasons for a large set of Amazonian rainforest canopy-tree species. Results: Tree species exhibited a broad range of embolism resistance, with the pressure threshold inducing 50% loss of branch hydraulic conductivity varying from − 1.86 to − 7.63 MPa. Conversely, we found low variability in leaf turgor loss point and dry season midday leaf water potential, and mostly large, positive hydraulic safety margins. Conclusions: Rainforest canopy-tree species growing under elevated mean annual precipitation can have high resistance to embolism and are more resistant than what was previously thought. Thanks to early leaf turgor loss and high embolism resistance, most species have a low risk of hydraulic failure and are well able to withstand normal and even severe dry seasons. © 2019, The Author(s). |
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Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama |
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Zalamea, P.-C.; Heuret, P.; Sarmiento, C.; Rodríguez, M.; Berthouly, A.; Guitet, S.; Nicolini, E.; Delnatte, C.; Barthélémy, D.; Stevenson, P.R. |
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The genus Cecropia: A biological clock to estimate the age of recently disturbed areas in the neotropics |
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2012 |
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PLoS ONE |
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PLoS ONE |
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7 |
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e42643 |
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Forest successional processes following disturbance take decades to play out, even in tropical forests. Nonetheless, records of vegetation change in this ecosystem are scarce, increasing the importance of the chronosequence approach to study forest recovery. However, this approach requires accurate dating of secondary forests, which until now was a difficult and/or expensive task. Cecropia is a widespread and abundant pioneer tree genus of the Neotropics. Here we propose and validate a rapid and straightforward method to estimate the age of secondary forest patches based on morphological observations of Cecropia trees. We found that Cecropia-inferred ages were highly correlated with known ages of the forest. We also demonstrate that Cecropia can be used to accurately date disturbances and propose twenty-one species distributed all over the geographical range of the genus as potential secondary forest chronometer species. Our method is limited in applicability by the maximal longevity of Cecropia individuals. Although the oldest chronosequence used in this study was 20 years old, we argue that at least for the first four decades after disturbance, the method described in this study provides very accurate estimations of secondary forest ages. The age of pioneer trees provides not only information needed to calculate the recovery of carbon stocks that would help to improve forest management, but also provides information needed to characterize the initial floristic composition and the rates of species remigration into secondary forest. Our contribution shows how successional studies can be reliably and inexpensively extended without the need to obtain forest ages based on expensive or potentially inaccurate data across the Neotropics. © 2012 Zalamea et al. |
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Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, Panama |
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Export Date: 29 August 2012; Source: Scopus; Art. No.: e42643; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042643; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Zalamea, P.-C.; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, Panama; email: camilozalamea@gmail.com |
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Rey, O.; Estoup, A.; Vonshak, M.; Loiseau, A.; Blanchet, S.; Calcaterra, L.; Chifflet, L.; Rossi, J.-P.; Kergoat, G.J.; Foucaud, J.; Orivel, J.; Leponce, M.; Schultz, T.; Facon, B. |
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Where do adaptive shifts occur during invasion? A multidisciplinary approach to unravelling cold adaptation in a tropical ant species invading the Mediterranean area |
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2012 |
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Ecology Letters |
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Ecol. Lett. |
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15 |
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11 |
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1266-1275 |
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Adaptation; Biological invasion; Climatic niche shift; Cold temperature; Mediterranean zone; Wasmannia auropunctata |
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Evolution may improve the invasiveness of populations, but it often remains unclear whether key adaptation events occur after introduction into the recipient habitat (i.e. post-introduction adaptation scenario), or before introduction within the native range (i.e. prior-adaptation scenario) or at a primary site of invasion (i.e. bridgehead scenario). We used a multidisciplinary approach to determine which of these three scenarios underlies the invasion of the tropical ant Wasmannia auropunctata in a Mediterranean region (i.e. Israel). Species distribution models (SDM), phylogeographical analyses at a broad geographical scale and laboratory experiments on appropriate native and invasive populations indicated that Israeli populations followed an invasion scenario in which adaptation to cold occurred at the southern limit of the native range before dispersal to Israel. We discuss the usefulness of combining SDM, genetic and experimental approaches for unambiguous determination of eco-evolutionary invasion scenarios. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/CNRS. |
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Smithsonian Institute, Department of Entomology, Natural Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 20013, United States |
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Export Date: 19 October 2012; Source: Scopus; Coden: Eclef; doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01849.x; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Rey, O.; INRA, UMR1062, CBGP, Montpellier, France; email: olivier.rey.1@gmail.com |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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441 |
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Sharma, K.; Degen, B.; Von Wuehlisch, G.; Singh, N.B. |
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Allozyme variation in eight natural populations of Pinus roxburghii Sarg. in India |
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2002 |
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Silvae Genetica |
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Silvae Genet. |
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51 |
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246-253 |
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Allozymes; Differentiation; Genetic distance; Multilocus diversity; Pinus roxburghii; Variation; Enzymes; Forestry; Genes; Allozyme variations; Genetic engineering; Enzymes; Genes; Genetic Engineering; Pinus Roxburghii; Embryophyta; Pinus roxburghii |
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Seeds collected from eight populations of Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii SARG.) from the natural distribution range of the species in Himachal Himalayas in India were analysed isozymatically at 11 enzyme systems. For the enzyme systems studied, 25 gene loci were identified out of which 18 were polymorphic. The observed mean values for genetic variation were slightly lower than mean values reported for Pinus species (number of alleles: 1.65 compared to 2.36; effective number of alleles: 1.13 compared to 1.26; observed heterozygosity: 0.153 compared to 0.179). A small differentiation among populations and large variation within populations were reflected by small value of GST (0.04): Considering the different genetic parameters three populations seem favourable for gene conservation measures. |
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Silviculture Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun – 248 006, India |
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Cited By (since 1996): 4; Export Date: 22 October 2011; Source: Scopus; Coden: Sigea; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Sharma, K.; Dr. Y. S. Parmar Univ. Hort./Forest., Reg. Horticultural Research Station, Jachh (Nurpur)-176 201 (HP), India |
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