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Bremaud, I.; Cabrolier, P.; Gril, J.; Clair, B.; Gerard, J.; Minato, K.; Thibaut, B. |
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Title |
Identification of anisotropic vibrational properties of Padauk wood with interlocked grain |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Wood Science and Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Wood Sci. Technol. |
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Volume |
44 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
355-367 |
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Abstract |
Grain deviations and high extractives content are common features of many tropical woods. This study aimed at clarifying their respective impact on vibrational properties, referring to African Padauk (Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub.), a species selected for its interlocked grain, high extractives content and uses in xylophones. Specimens were cut parallel to the trunk axis (L), and local variations in grain angle (GA), microfibril angle (MFA), specific Young's modulus (E' (L) /rho, where rho stands for the density) and damping coefficient (tan delta(L)) were measured. GA dependence was analysed by a mechanical model which allowed to identify the specific Young's modulus (E'(3)/rho) and shear modulus (G'/rho) along the grain (3) as well as their corresponding damping coefficients (tan delta(3), tan delta(G)). This analysis was done for native and then for extracted wood. Interlocked grain resulted in 0-25A degrees GA and in variations of a factor 2 in E'(L)/rho and tan delta(L). Along the grain, Padauk wood was characterized, when compared to typical hardwoods, by a somewhat lower E'(3)/rho and elastic anisotropy (E'/G'), due to a wide microfibril angle plus a small weight effect of extracts, and a very low tan delta(3) and moderate damping anisotropy (tan delta(G)/tan delta(3)). Extraction affected mechanical parameters in the order: tan delta(3) a parts per thousand tan delta(G) > G'/rho > > E'(3)/rho. That is, extractives' effects were nearly isotropic on damping but clearly anisotropic on storage moduli. |
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[Bremaud, Iris; Minato, Kazuya] Kyoto Prefectural Univ, Grad Sch Life & Environm Sci, Lab Forest Resource Circulating Circles, Kyoto 6068522, Japan, Email: iris_bremaud@hotmail.com |
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SPRINGER |
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0043-7719 |
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ISI:000280090400001 |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
48 |
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Bremaud, I.; Amusant, N.; Minato, K.; Gril, J.; Thibaut, B. |
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Title |
Effect of extractives on vibrational properties of African Padauk (Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub.) |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Wood Science and Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Wood Sci. Technol. |
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Volume |
45 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
461-472 |
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Extractives can affect the vibrational properties tan delta (damping coefficient) and E'/rho (specific Young's modulus), but this is highly dependent on species, compounds, and cellular locations. This paper investigates such effects for African Padauk (Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub.), a tropical hardwood with high extractives content and a preferred material for xylophones. Five groups of 26 heartwood specimens with large, yet comparable, ranges in vibrational properties were extracted in different solvents. Changes in vibrational properties were set against yields of extracts and evaluation of their cellular location. Methanol (ME) reached most of the compounds (13%), located about half in lumen and half in cell-wall. Water solubility was extremely low. tan delta and E'/rho were very strongly related (R (2) a parts per thousand yen 0.93), but native wood had abnormally low values of tan delta, while extraction shifted this relation towards higher tan delta values. ME extracted heartwood became in agreement with the average of many species, and close to sapwood. Extractions increased tan delta as much as 60%, irrespective of minute moisture changes or initial properties. Apparent E'/rho was barely changed (+2% to -4%) but, after correcting the mass contribution of extracts, it was in fact slightly reduced (down to -10% for high E'/rho), and increasingly so for specimens with low initial values of E'/rho. |
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[Bremaud, I; Minato, K] Kyoto Prefectural Univ, Lab Forest Resource Circulating Circles, Grad Sch Life & Environm Sci, Kyoto 6068522, Japan, Email: iris_bremaud@hotmail.com |
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0043-7719 |
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WOS:000292550700005 |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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329 |
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Bremaud, I.; Gril, J.; Thibaut, B. |
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Title |
Anisotropy of wood vibrational properties: dependence on grain angle and review of literature data |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Wood Science and Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Wood Sci. Technol. |
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Volume |
45 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
735-754 |
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Abstract |
The anisotropy of vibrational properties influences the acoustic behaviour of wooden pieces and their dependence on grain angle (GA). As most pieces of wood include some GA, either for technological reasons or due to grain deviations inside trunks, predicting its repercussions would be useful. This paper aims at evaluating the variability in the anisotropy of wood vibrational properties and analysing resulting trends as a function of orientation. GA dependence is described by a model based on transformation formulas applied to complex compliances, and literature data on anisotropic vibrational properties are reviewed. Ranges of variability, as well as representative sets of viscoelastic anisotropic parameters, are defined for mean hardwoods and softwoods and for contrasted wood types. GA-dependence calculations are in close agreement with published experimental results and allow comparing the sensitivity of different woods to GA. Calculated trends in damping coefficient (tan delta) and in specific modulus of elasticity (E'/rho) allow reconstructing the general tan delta-E'/rho statistical relationships previously reported. Trends for woods with different mechanical parameters merge into a single curve if anisotropic ratios (both elastic and of damping) are correlated between them, and with axial properties, as is indicated by the collected data. On the other hand, varying damping coefficient independently results in parallel curves, which coincide with observations on chemically modified woods, either “artificially”, or by natural extractives. |
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[Bremaud, I; Gril, J] Univ Montpellier 2, Lab Mecan & Genie Civil, CNRS, CC048, F-34095 Montpellier 5, France, Email: iris_bremaud@hotmail.com |
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Springer |
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English |
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0043-7719 |
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WOS:000296006000009 |
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no |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
Serial |
369 |
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Author |
Bourguignon, T.; Sobotnik, J.; Lepoint, G.; Martin, J.M.; Roisin, Y. |
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Title |
Niche differentiation among neotropical soldierless soil-feeding termites revealed by stable isotope ratios |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Soil Biology & Biochemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
Soil Biol. Biochem. |
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41 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
2038-2043 |
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Keywords |
Anoplotermes; Termitidae; Isoptera; Resource partitioning; Food web; Decomposition gradient |
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Abstract |
Termites represent one of the most abundant belowground animal taxa in tropical rainforests, where their species richness is much higher than in any other ecosystem. This high diversity in soil ecosystems is however difficult to explain by classical Hutchinsonian niche theory, as there is little evidence for spatial or temporal separation between species. Using delta C-13 and delta N-15 isotopic ratios, we tested if resource partitioning along the humification gradient occurs; in neotropical soldierless termites of the Anoplotermes-group. Two distinct sites were investigated to check if interspecific differences are transposable between sites. Significant differences in delta N-15 were found between species of the Anoplotermes-group. Although some species displayed higher intersite delta N-15 variation than others, species-average delta N-15 values for both sites were highly correlated, showing that sympatric soldierless soil-feeding termites feed on distinct components of the soil. Our data also suggest that some species are more likely to shift along this gradient than others, in response to overall habitat conditions or to the presence of competitors. Feeding niche differentiation can therefore account for the high species richness and diversity of soldierless soil-feeding termites in neotropical rainforests. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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[Bourguignon, Thomas; Roisin, Yves] Univ Libre Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, Email: yroisin@ulb.ac.be |
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PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD |
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0038-0717 |
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ISI:000271047800003 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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98 |
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Stahl, C.; Burban, B.; Goret, J.Y.; Bonal, D. |
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Title |
Seasonal variations in stem CO(2) efflux in the Neotropical rainforest of French Guiana |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Annals of Forest Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann. For. Sci. |
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Volume |
68 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
771-782 |
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Tropical rainforest; Stem CO(2) efflux; Soil water content; Terra Firme forest; Seasonally flooded forest |
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Abstract |
Introduction Stem CO(2) efflux (E (s)) is a significant component of total ecosystem respiration, but there is only scant information on seasonal variations in E (s) in tropical rainforests and on the main factors explaining these variations. Methods We conducted a comprehensive 18-month study in French Guiana to try to better understand which environmental factors contribute to seasonal variations in E (s) in two habitats differing in soil water conditions. Results In both habitats, large seasonal variations in E (s) were observed for most trees. The main variations occurred during climatic transition periods and were consistent with seasonal variations in soil and total ecosystem respiration. Discussion Seasonal variations in atmospheric conditions, including air temperature, did not explain seasonal variations in E (s). In contrast, seasonal variations in surface soil water content clearly induced seasonal variations in E (s) in each habitat. Both soil drought and flooded conditions induced a decrease in E (s). Conclusion Our results emphasize the need to integrate the influence of soil water content on E (s) into global models that simulate the response of forest ecosystem fluxes to climate changes. |
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[Bonal, D] INRA, UMR INRA UHP Ecol & Ecophysiol Forestiere 1137, F-54280 Champenoux, France, Email: bonal@nancy.inra.fr |
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Springer France |
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ISSN |
1286-4560 |
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WOS:000292553400011 |
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no |
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EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
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327 |
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Bonal, D.; Ponton, S.; Le Thiec, D.; Richard, B.; Ningre, N.; Herault, B.; Ogee, J.; Gonzalez, S.; Pignal, M.; Sabatier, D.; Guehl, J.M. |
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Leaf functional response to increasing atmospheric CO(2) concentrations over the last century in two northern Amazonian tree species: a historical delta(13)C and delta(18)O approach using herbarium samples |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Plant Cell and Environment |
Abbreviated Journal |
Plant Cell Environ. |
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34 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
1332-1344 |
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Keywords |
carbon isotope composition; environmental change; herbarium; oxygen isotope composition; photosynthesis; stomata; tropical rainforests |
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Abstract |
We assessed the extent of recent environmental changes on leaf morphological (stomatal density, stomatal surface, leaf mass per unit area) and physiological traits (carbon isotope composition, delta(13)C(leaf), and discrimination, Delta(13)C(leaf), oxygen isotope composition, delta(18)O(leaf)) of two tropical rainforest species (Dicorynia guianensis; Humiria balsamifera) that are abundant in the Guiana shield (Northern Amazonia). Leaf samples were collected in different international herbariums to cover a 200 year time-period (1790-2004) and the whole Guiana shield. Using models describing carbon and oxygen isotope fractionations during photosynthesis, different scenarios of change in intercellular CO(2) concentrations inside the leaf (C(i)), stomatal conductance (g), and photosynthesis (A) were tested in order to understand leaf physiological response to increasing air CO(2) concentrations (C(a)). Our results confirmed that both species displayed physiological response to changing C(a). For both species, we observed a decrease of about 1.7% in delta(13)C(leaf) since 1950, without significant change in Delta(13)C(leaf) and leaf morphological traits. Furthermore, there was no clear change in delta(18)O(leaf) for Humiria over this period. Our simulation approach revealed that an increase in A, rather than a decrease in g, explained the observed trends for these tropical rainforest species, allowing them to maintain a constant ratio of C(i)/C(a). |
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Address |
[Bonal, D] INRA, UMR Ecofog, F-97387 Kourou, France, Email: bonal@nancy.inra.fr |
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Wiley-Blackwell |
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ISSN |
0140-7791 |
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WOS:000292698900010 |
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no |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ webmaster @ |
Serial |
330 |
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Bonal, D.; Bosc, A.; Ponton, S.; Goret, J.Y.; Burban, B.; Gross, P.; Bonnefond, J.M.; Elbers, J.; Longdoz, B.; Epron, D.; Guehl, J.M.; Granier, A. |
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Title |
Impact of severe dry season on net ecosystem exchange in the Neotropical rainforest of French Guiana |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Global Change Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Glob. Change Biol. |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
1917-1933 |
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Keywords |
dry season; ecosystem respiration; eddy covariance; gross ecosystem productivity; Neotropical rainforest; net ecosystem productivity; soil drought; solar radiation |
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Abstract |
The lack of information on the ways seasonal drought modifies the CO2 exchange between Neotropical rainforest ecosystems and the atmosphere and the resulting carbon balance hinders our ability to precisely predict how these ecosystems will respond as global environmental changes force them to face increasingly contrasting conditions in the future. To address this issue, seasonal variations in daily net ecosystem productivity (NEPd) and two main components of this productivity, daily total ecosystem respiration (R-Ed) and daily gross ecosystem productivity (GEP(d)), were estimated over 2 years at a flux tower site in French Guiana, South America (5 degrees 16'54'N, 52 degrees 54'44'W). We compared seasonal variations between wet and dry periods and between dry periods of contrasting levels of intensity (i.e. mild vs. severe) during equivalent 93-day periods. During the wet periods, the ecosystem was almost in balance with the atmosphere (storage of 9.0 g C m(-2)). Seasonal dry periods, regardless of their severity, are associated with higher incident radiation and lower R-Ed combined with reduced soil respiration associated with low soil water availability. During the mild dry period, as is normally the case in this region, the amount of carbon stored in the ecosystem was 32.7 g C m(-2). Severe drought conditions resulted in even lower R-Ed, whereas the photosynthetic activity was only moderately reduced and no change in canopy structure was observed. Thus, the severe dry period was characterized by greater carbon storage (64.6 g C m(-2)), emphasizing that environmental conditions, such as during a severe drought, modify the CO2 exchange between Neotropical rainforest ecosystems and the atmosphere and potentially the resulting carbon balance. |
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Address |
[Bonal, Damien; Goret, Jean-Yves; Burban, Benoit] INRA, UMR Ecol Forets Guyane, Kourou 97387, French Guiana, Email: damien.bonal@kourou.cirad.fr |
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BLACKWELL PUBLISHING |
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1354-1013 |
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ISI:000257712400015 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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133 |
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Blanc, L.; Echard, M.; Herault, B.; Bonal, D.; Marcon, E.; Chave, J.; Baraloto, C. |
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Title |
Dynamics of aboveground carbon stocks in a selectively logged tropical forest |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Ecological Applications |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ecol. Appl. |
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Volume |
19 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1397-1404 |
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Keywords |
aboveground biomass; carbon sequestration; deforestation; French Guiana; global change; timber stand improvement; tropical forests |
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Abstract |
The expansion of selective logging in tropical forests may be an important source of global carbon emissions. However, the effects of logging practices on the carbon cycle have never been quantified over long periods of time. We followed the fate of more than 60 000 tropical trees over 23 years to assess changes in aboveground carbon stocks in 48 1.56-ha plots in French Guiana that represent a gradient of timber harvest intensities, with and without intensive timber stand improvement (TSI) treatments to stimulate timber tree growth. Conventional selective logging led to emissions equivalent to more than a third of aboveground carbon stocks in plots without TSI (85 Mg C/ha), while plots with TSI lost more than one-half of aboveground carbon stocks (142 Mg C/ha). Within 20 years of logging, plots without TSI sequestered aboveground carbon equivalent to more than 80% of aboveground carbon lost to logging (-70.7 Mg C/ha), and our simulations predicted an equilibrium aboveground carbon balance within 45 years of logging. In contrast, plots with intensive TSI are predicted to require more than 100 years to sequester aboveground carbon lost to emissions. These results indicate that in some tropical forests aboveground carbon storage can be recovered within half a century after conventional logging at moderate harvest intensities. |
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Address |
[Bonal, Damien; Baraloto, Christopher] INRA, UMR Ecol Forets Guyane, Kourou 97379, French Guiana, Email: chris.baraloto@ecofog.gf |
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ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER |
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1051-0761 |
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ISI:000269075200003 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
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105 |
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Author |
Bleron, L.; Duchanois, G.; Thibaut, B. |
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Title |
Characteristic properties of embedding strength for the nailing of the gonfolio rose (Qualea rosea Aubl.) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Holzforschung |
Abbreviated Journal |
Holzforschung |
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Volume |
62 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
86-90 |
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Keywords |
embedding strength; Eurocode V; nail |
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Abstract |
Experimental results are presented with single nail joints of gonfolo rose which were loaded at different grain angles and compared to results obtained by Eurocode V. A wide range of embedding strength tests was conducted. The embedding behaviour across the grain was also investigated with a specific test apparatus. The results were analysed and modelled in terms of strength. Initial loading and unloading stiffness of the timber have been taken into account. The embedment strength of the nails varied according to the angle between the direction of loading and that to the grain. This work is part of a larger research project to establish a computer program for the prediction of stiffness and limit strengths of all timber-to-timber and timber-to-steel joints. |
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Address |
[Bleron, Laurent] LABOMAP ENSAM, F-71250 Poret De Paris, Cluny, France, Email: laurent.bleron@cluny.ensam.fr |
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WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO |
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0018-3830 |
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ISI:000252041400013 |
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EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
144 |
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Author |
Bekaert, E.; Robert, F.; Lippens, P.E.; Menetrier, M. |
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Title |
Li-7 NMR Knight Shifts in Li-Sn Compounds: MAS NMR Measurements and Correlation with DFT Calculations |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Journal of Physical Chemistry C |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys. Chem. C |
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Volume |
114 |
Issue |
14 |
Pages |
6749-6754 |
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Abstract |
Several Li-Sn crystalline phases, LiSn. Li7Sn3, Li5Sn7, Li13Sn5, Li7Sn2, and Li22Sn5. were prepared by ball-milling and studied by Li-7 MAS NMR spectroscopy with silica as a chiming agent to avoid field penetration limitations All phases except for LiSn exhibit exchanged NMR signals at room temperature for the various types of Li present in the unit cells. in the 10 to 100 ppm range. Electronic structure calculations based on first-principles method led to a lather good correlation between the participation of the Li 2s orbital to the density of states (DOS) at the Fermi level and the corresponding NMR Knight shift for the two Li crystallographic types in the case of LiSn, and for the weighted average of the different crystallographic types in the case of the NMR-exchanged signals for the other compounds |
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[Bekaert, Emilie; Menetrier, Michel] Univ Bordeaux, CNRS, ICMCB, F-33608 Pessac, France |
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Publisher |
AMER CHEMICAL SOC |
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ISSN |
1932-7447 |
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Notes |
ISI:000276341700075 |
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Call Number |
EcoFoG @ eric.marcon @ |
Serial |
80 |
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