@Article{Fu_etal2018,
author="Fu, Z.
and Gerken, T.
and Bromley, G.
and Ara{\'u}jo, A.
and Bonal, D.
and Burban, B.
and Ficklin, D.
and Fuentes, J.D.
and Goulden, M.
and Hirano, T.
and Kosugi, Y.
and Liddell, M.
and Nicolini, G.
and Niu, S.
and Roupsard, O.
and Stefani, P.
and Mi, C.
and Tofte, Z.
and Xiao, J.
and Valentini, R.
and Wolf, S.
and Stoy, P.C.",
title="The surface-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide in tropical rainforests: Sensitivity to environmental drivers and flux measurement methodology",
journal="Agricultural and Forest Meteorology",
year="2018",
publisher="Elsevier B.V.",
volume="263",
pages="292--307",
optkeywords="Climate variability",
optkeywords="Ecosystem respiration",
optkeywords="Eddy covariance",
optkeywords="Gross primary productivity",
optkeywords="Net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange",
optkeywords="Tropical rainforest",
optkeywords="acclimation",
optkeywords="air temperature",
optkeywords="anthropogenic effect",
optkeywords="atmosphere-biosphere interaction",
optkeywords="biodiversity",
optkeywords="carbon flux",
optkeywords="climate change",
optkeywords="Cmip",
optkeywords="environmental change",
optkeywords="flux measurement",
optkeywords="methodology",
optkeywords="net ecosystem exchange",
optkeywords="net ecosystem production",
optkeywords="radiative forcing",
optkeywords="rainforest",
optkeywords="sensitivity analysis",
optkeywords="tropical environment",
abstract="Tropical rainforests play a central role in the Earth system by regulating climate, maintaining biodiversity, and sequestering carbon. They are under threat by direct anthropogenic impacts like deforestation and the indirect anthropogenic impacts of climate change. A synthesis of the factors that determine the net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (NEE) at the site scale across different forests in the tropical rainforest biome has not been undertaken to date. Here, we study NEE and its components, gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (RE), across thirteen natural and managed forests within the tropical rainforest biome with 63 total site-years of eddy covariance data. Our results reveal that the five ecosystems with the largest annual gross carbon uptake by photosynthesis (i.e. GEP > 3000 g C m-2 y-1) have the lowest net carbon uptake -- or even carbon losses -- versus other study ecosystems because RE is of a similar magnitude. Sites that provided subcanopy CO2 storage observations had higher average magnitudes of GEP and RE and lower average magnitudes of NEE, highlighting the importance of measurement methodology for understanding carbon dynamics in ecosystems with characteristically tall and dense vegetation. A path analysis revealed that vapor pressure deficit (VPD) played a greater role than soil moisture or air temperature in constraining GEP under light saturated conditions across most study sites, but to differing degrees from -0.31 to -0.87 $\mu$mol CO2 m-2 s-1 hPa-1. Climate projections from 13 general circulation models (CMIP5) under the representative concentration pathway that generates 8.5 W m-2 of radiative forcing suggest that many current tropical rainforest sites on the lower end of the current temperature range are likely to reach a climate space similar to present-day warmer sites by the year 2050, warmer sites will reach a climate not currently experienced, and all forests are likely to experience higher VPD. Results demonstrate the need to quantify if and how mature tropical trees acclimate to heat and water stress, and to further develop flux-partitioning and gap-filling algorithms for defensible estimates of carbon exchange in tropical rainforests. {\textcopyright} 2018 Elsevier B.V.",
optnote="Export Date: 12 November 2018; Coden: Afmee; Correspondence Address: Stoy, P.C.; Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State UniversityUnited States; email: paul.stoy@montana.edu; Funding details: ANR-10-LABX-25-01; Funding details: U.S. Department of Energy, DOE, SC0011097; Funding details: Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR; Funding details: 1702029; Funding details: 1552976; Funding details: Graduate School, Ohio State University; Funding details: National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC, 31625006; Funding text~1:~PCS and JDF acknowledges funding support from the U.S. Department of Energy as part of the GoAmazon project (Grant SC0011097 ). PCS additionally acknowledges the U.S. National Science Foundation grants 1552976 and 1702029 , and The Graduate School at Montana State University . ZF is supported by the China Scholarship Council and National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 31625006 ). This work used eddy covariance data acquired and shared by the FLUXNET community, including the AmeriFlux, AfriFlux, AsiaFlux, CarboAfrica, LBA, and TERN- OzFlux networks. The FLUXNET eddy covariance data processing and harmonization was carried out by the ICOS Ecosystem Thematic Center, AmeriFlux Management Project and Fluxdata project of FLUXNET, with the support of CDIAC, and the OzFlux, ChinaFlux and AsiaFlux offices. The Guyaflux program belongs to the SOERE F-ORE-T which is supported annually by Ecofor, Allenvi and the French national research infrastructure ANAEE-F. The Guyaflux program also received support from the {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Observatoire du Carbone en Guyane{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} and an {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}investissement d{\textquoteright}avenir{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} grant from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (CEBA, ref ANR-10-LABX-25-01). Funding for the site PA-SPn was provided by the North-South Centre of ETH Zurich. We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme{\textquoteright}s Working Group on Coupled Modeling for the CMIP and thank the climate modeling groups for producing and making available their model output. For CMIP, the U.S. Department of Energy{\textquoteright}s Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison provides coordinating support and led development of software infrastructure in partnership with the Global Organization for Earth System Science Portals. Angela Tang and Taylor Rodenburg provided valuable comments to earlier drafts of this manuscript. We thank Dr. Tim Hill and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on the manuscript.; References: Acevedo, O.C., Moraes, O.L.L., Degrazia, G.A., Fitzjarrald, D.R., Manzi, A.O., Campos, J.G., Is friction velocity the most appropriate scale for correcting nocturnal carbon dioxide fluxes? (2009) Agric. For. Meteorol., 149, pp. 1-10; Aguilos, M., H{\'e}rault, B., Burban, B., Wagner, F., Bonal, D., What drives long-term variations in carbon flux and balance in a tropical rainforest in French Guiana? Agric (2018) For. Meteorol., 253-254, pp. 114-123; Ahlstr{\"o}m, A., Raupach, M.R., Schurgers, G., Smith, B., Arneth, A., Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Jain, A.K., The dominant role of semi-arid ecosystems in the trend and variability of the land CO2 sink (2015) Science, 348 (80), pp. 895-899; Aiba, S.I., Kitayama, K., Structure, composition and species diversity in an altitude-substrate matrix of rain forest tree communities on Mount Kinabalu (1999) Borneo. Plant Ecol., 140, pp. 139-157; Andreae, M.O., Artaxo, P., Brand{\~a}o, C., Carswell, F.E., Ciccioli, P., da Costa, A.L., Culf, A.D., Waterloo, M.J., Biogeochemical cycling of carbon, water, energy, trace gases, and aerosols in Amazonia: the LBA-EUSTACH experiments (2002) J. Geophys. Res., 107, p. 8066; Andreae, M.O., Acevedo, O.C., Ara{\`u}jo, A., Artaxo, P., Barbosa, C.G.G., Barbosa, H.M.J., Brito, J., Y{\'a}{\~n}ez-Serrano, A.M., The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO): overview of pilot measurements on ecosystem ecology, meteorology, trace gases, and aerosols (2015) Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, pp. 10723-10776; Ara{\'u}jo, A.C., Nobre, A.D., Kruijt, B., Elbers, J.A., Dallarosa, R., Stefani, P., Von Randow, C., Kabat, P., Comparative measurements of carbon dioxide fluxes from two nearby towers in a central Amazonian rainforest: The Manaus LBA site (2002) J. Geophys. Res., 107, p. 8090; Asner, G.P., Anderson, C.B., Martin, R.E., Tupayachi, R., Knapp, D.E., Sinca, F., Landscape biogeochemistry reflected in shifting distributions of chemical traits in the Amazon forest canopy (2015) Nat. Geosci., 8, pp. 567-573; Asner, G.P., Martin, R.E., Knapp, D.E., Tupayachi, R., Anderson, C.B., Sinca, F., Vaughn, N.R., Llactayo, W., Airborne laser-guided imaging spectroscopy to map forest trait diversity and guide conservation (2017) Science, 355 (80), pp. 385-389; Avissar, R., Werth, D., Global hydroclimatological teleconnections resulting from tropical deforestation (2005) J. Hydrometeorol., 6, pp. 134-145; Baccini, A., Walker, W., Carvalho, L., Farina, M., Sulla-Menashe, D., Houghton, R.A., Tropical forests are a net carbon source based on aboveground measurements of gain and loss (2017) Science, 358 (80), pp. 230-234; Belelli Marchesini, L., Bombelli, A., Chiti, T., Consalvo, C., Forgione, A., Grieco, E., Mazzenga, F., Valentini, R., Ankasa flux tower: a new research facility for the study of the carbon cycle in a primary tropical forest in Africa (2008) Proceedings of the Open Science Conference on Africa and Carbon Cycle: The CarboAfrica Project; Beringer, J., Hutley, L.B., McHugh, I., Arndt, S.K., Campbell, D., Cleugh, H.A., Cleverly, J., Wardlaw, T., An introduction to the Australian and New Zealand flux tower network -- OzFlux (2016) Biogeosciences, 13, pp. 5895-5916; Bonal, D., Bosc, A., Ponton, S., Goret, J.-Y.J.Y., Burban, B.T., Gross, P., Bonnefond, J.M.J.-M., Granier, A., Impact of severe dry season on net ecosystem exchange in the Neotropical rainforest of French Guiana (2008) Glob. Chang. Biol., 14, pp. 1917-1933; Borma, L.S., da Rocha, H.R., Cabral, O.M., von Randow, C., Collicchio, E., Kurzatkowski, D., Brugger, P.J., Artaxo, P., Atmosphere and hydrological controls of the evapotranspiration over a floodplain forest in the Bananal Island region, Amazonia (2009) J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 114; Bradford, M.G., Metcalfe, D.J., Ford, A., Liddell, M.J., McKeown, A., Floristics, stand structure and aboveground biomass of a 25-ha rainforest plot in the Wet Tropics of Australia (2014) J. Trop. For. Sci., pp. 543-553; Braga, N., da, S., Vit{\'o}ria, A.P., Souza, G.M., Barros, C.F., Freitas, L., Weak relationships between leaf phenology and isohydric and anisohydric behavior in lowland wet tropical forest trees (2016) Biotropica, 48, pp. 453-464; Carswell, F.E., Costa, A.L., Palheta, M., Malhi, Y., Meir, P., Costa, J.D.P.R., Ruivo, M.D.L., Grace, J., Seasonality in CO2 and H2O flux at an eastern Amazonian rain forest (2002) J. Geophys. Res. D Atmos., p. 107; Chambers, J.Q., Tribuzy, E.S., Toledo, L.C., Crispim, B.F., Higuchi, N., dos Santos, J., Ara{\'u}jo, A.C., Trumbore, S.E., Respiration from a tropical forest ecosystem: partitioning of sources and low carbon use efficiency (2004) Ecol. Appl., 14, pp. 72-88; Chambers, J., Davies, S., Koven, C., Kueppers, L., Leung, R., McDowell, N., Norby, R., Rogers, A., Next Generation Ecosystem Experiment (NGEE) Tropics. US DOE NGEE Trop. white paper. (2014); Chiti, T., Certini, G., Grieco, E., Valentini, R., The role of soil in storing carbon in tropical rainforests: the case of Ankasa Park, Ghana (2010) Plant Soil, 331, pp. 453-461; Cleveland, C.C., Wieder, W.R., Reed, S.C., Townsend, A.R., Experimental drought in a tropical rain forest increases soil carbon dioxide losses to the atmosphere (2010) Ecology, 91, pp. 2313-2323; Cleveland, C.C., Townsend, A.R., Taylor, P., Alvarez-Clare, S., Bustamante, M.M.C., Chuyong, G., Dobrowski, S.Z., Wieder, W.R., Relationships among net primary productivity, nutrients and climate in tropical rain forest: a pan-tropical analysis (2011) Ecol. Lett.; Cusack, D.F., Chou, W.W., Yang, W.H., Harmon, M.E., Silver, W.L., Controls on long-term root and leaf litter decomposition in neotropical forests (2009) Glob. Chang. Biol., 15, pp. 1339-1355; da Rocha, H.R., Manzi, A.O., Cabral, O.M., Miller, S.D., Goulden, M.L., Saleska, S.R., Coupe, N.R., Maia, J.F., Patterns of water and heat flux across a biome gradient from tropical forest to savanna in Brazil (2009) J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 114. , G00B12; Dargie, G.C., Lewis, S.L., Lawson, I.T., Mitchard, E.T.A., Page, S.E., Bocko, Y.E., Ifo, S.A., Age, extent and carbon storage of the central Congo Basin peatland complex (2017) Nature, 542, pp. 86-89; de Ara{\'u}jo, A.C., Dolman, A.J., Waterloo, M.J., Gash, J.H.C., Kruijt, B., Zanchi, F.B., de Lange, J.M.E., Backer, J., The spatial variability of CO2 storage and the interpretation of eddy covariance fluxes in central Amazonia (2010) Agric. For. Meteorol., 150, pp. 226-237; Dixon, R.K., Solomon, A.M., Brown, S., Houghton, R.A., Trexier, M.C., Wisniewski, J., Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems (1994) Science, 263 (80), pp. 185-190; Fisher, R.A., Williams, M., Do Vale, R.L., Da Costa, A.L., Meir, P., Evidence from Amazonian forests is consistent with isohydric control of leaf water potential (2006) Plant Cell Environ., 29, pp. 151-165; Foley, J.A., DeFries, R., Asner, G.P., Barford, C., Bonan, G., Carpenter, S.R., Chapin, F.S., Snyder, P.K., Global consequences of land use (2005) Science, 309, pp. 570-574; Fu, Z., Dong, J., Zhou, Y., Stoy, P.C., Niu, S., Long term trend and interannual variability of land carbon uptake---the attribution and processes (2017) Environ. Res. Lett., 12, p. 14018; Fuentes, J.D., Chamecki, M., dos Santos, R.M.N., Von Randow, C., Stoy, P.C., Katul, G., Fitzjarrald, D., Ya{\~n}ez-Serrano, A.M., Linking meteorology, turbulence, and air chemistry in the amazon rain forest (2016) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, pp. 2329-2342; Gerken, T., Chamecki, M., Fuentes, J.D., Air-parcel residence times within forest canopies (2017) Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 165, pp. 29-54; Giardina, F., Konings, A.G., Kennedy, D., Alemohammad, S.H., Oliveira, R.S., Uriarte, M., Gentine, P., Tall Amazonian forests are less sensitive to precipitation variability (2018) Nat. Geosci., 11, pp. 405-409; Gibson, L., Lee, T.M., Koh, L.P., Brook, B.W., Gardner, T.A., Barlow, J., Peres, C.A., Sodhi, N.S., Primary forests are irreplaceable for sustaining tropical biodiversity (2011) Nature, 478, pp. 378-381; Goulden, M.L., Miller, S.D., Da Rocha, H.R., Nocturnal cold air drainage and pooling in a tropical forest (2006) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., p. 111; Grace, J., Lloyd, J., Mcintyre, J., Miranda, A., Meir, P., Miranda, H., Moncrieff, J., Gash, J., Fluxes of carbon dioxide and water vapour over an undisturbed tropical forest in south-west Amazonia (1995) Glob. Chang. Biol., 1, pp. 1-12; Grace, J., Malhi, Y., Lloyd, J., McIntyre, J., Miranda, A.C., Meir, P., Miranda, H.S., The use of eddy covariance to infer the net carbon dioxide uptake of Brazilian rain forest (1996) Glob. Chang. Biol., 2, pp. 209-217; Grace, J., Nagy, L., Forsberg, B.R., Artaxo, P., The Amazon carbon balance: an evaluation of methods and results (2016) Interactions Between Biosphere, Atmosphere and Human Land Use in the Amazon Basin., pp. 79-100. , Springer Berlin Heidelberg; Hall, C.A.S., Tian, H., Qi, Y., Pontius, G., Cornell, J., Modelling spatial and temporal patterns of tropical land use change (1995) J. Biogeogr., 22, pp. 753-757; Hayek, M.N., Wehr, R., Longo, M., Hutyra, L.R., Wiedemann, K., Munger, J.W., Bonal, D., Wofsy, S.C., A novel correction for biases in forest eddy covariance carbon balance (2018) Agric. For. Meteorol., 250-251, pp. 90-101; Hirano, T., Segah, H., Harada, T., Limin, S., June, T., Hirata, R., Osaki, M., Carbon dioxide balance of a tropical peat swamp forest in Kalimantan, Indonesia (2007) Glob. Chang. Biol., 13, pp. 412-425; Hirano, T., Jauhiainen, J., Inoue, T., Takahashi, H., Controls on the carbon balance of tropical peatlands (2008) Ecosystems, 12, pp. 873-887; Hirano, T., Segah, H., Kusin, K., Limin, S., Takahashi, H., Osaki, M., Effects of disturbances on the carbon balance of tropical peat swamp forests (2012) Glob. Change Biol., 18, pp. 3410-3422; Huete, A.R., Didan, K., Shimabukuro, Y.E., Ratana, P., Saleska, S.R., Hutyra, L.R., Yang, W., Myneni, R., Amazon rainforests green-up with sunlight in dry season (2006) Geophys. Res. Lett., 33. , L06405; Huete, A.R., Restrepo-Coupe, N., Ratana, P., Didan, K., Saleska, S.R., Ichii, K., Panuthai, S., Gamo, M., Multiple site tower flux and remote sensing comparisons of tropical forest dynamics in Monsoon Asia (2008) Agric. For. Meteorol., 148, pp. 748-760; Hutyra, L.R., Munger, J.W., Saleska, S.R., Gottlieb, E., Daube, B.C., Dunn, A.L., Amaral, D.F., Wofsy, S.C., Seasonal controls on the exchange of carbon and water in an Amazonian rain forest (2007) J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 112; Hutyra, L.R., Munger, J.W., Hammond-Pyle, E., Saleska, S.R., Restrepo-Coupe, N., Daube, B.C., de Camargo, P.B., Wofsy, S.C., Resolving systematic errors in estimates of net ecosystem exchange of CO2 and ecosystem respiration in a tropical forest biome (2008) Agric. For. Meteorol., 148, pp. 1266-1279; Inoue, Y., Ichie, T., Kenzo, T., Yoneyama, A., Kumagai, T., Nakashizuka, T., Effects of rainfall exclusion on leaf gas exchange traits and osmotic adjustment in mature canpopy trees of Dryobalanops aromatica (Sipterocarpaceae) in a Malaysian tropical rain forest (2016) J. Trop. Pediatr., pp. 1-11; Jocher, G., Ottosson L{\"o}fvenius, M., De Simon, G., H{\"o}rnlund, T., Linder, S., Lundmark, T., Marshall, J., Peichl, M., Apparent winter CO2 uptake by a boreal forest due to decoupling (2017) Agric. For. Meteorol., 232, pp. 23-34; Kiew, F., Hirata, R., Hirano, T., Wong, G.X., Aeries, E.B., Musin, K.K., Waili, J.W., Melling, L., CO2 balance of a secondary tropical peat swamp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia (2018) Agric. For. Meteorol., 248, pp. 494-501; Kim, D.-H., Sexton, J.O., Townshend, J.R., Accelerated deforestation in the humid tropics from the 1990s to the 2000s (2015) Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, pp. 3495-3501; Klein, T., The variability of stomatal sensitivity to leaf water potential across tree species indicates a continuum between isohydric and anisohydric behaviours (2014) Funct. Ecol., 28, pp. 1313-1320; Konings, A.G., Gentine, P., Global variations in ecosystem-scale isohydricity (2016) Glob. Change Biol.; K{\"o}rner, C., Leaf diffusive conductances in the major vegetation types of the globe (1995) Ecophysiology of Photosynthesis, pp. 463-490. , Springer; Kosugi, Y., Takanashi, S., Ohkubo, S., Matsuo, N., Tani, M., Mitani, T., Tsutsumi, D., Nik, A.R., CO2 exchange of a tropical rainforest at Pasoh in Peninsular Malaysia (2008) Agric. For. Meteorol., 148, pp. 439-452; Kosugi, Y., Takanashi, S., Tani, M., Ohkubo, S., Matsuo, N., Itoh, M., Noguchi, S., Nik, A.R., Effect of inter-annual climate variability on evapotranspiration and canopy CO2 exchange of a tropical rainforest in Peninsular Malaysia (2012) J. For. Res., 17, pp. 227-240; Kruijt, B., Elbers, J.A., Von Randow, C., Araujo, A.C., Oliveira, P.J., Culf, A., Manzi, A.O., Moors, E.J., The robustness of eddy correlation fluxes for Amazon rain forest conditions (2004) Ecol. Appl., 14, pp. 101-113; Kumagai, T., Porporato, A., Strategies of a Bornean tropical rainforest water use as a function of rainfall regime: isohydric or anisohydric? (2012) Plant Cell Environ., 35, pp. 61-71; Kutsch, W.L., Herbst, M., Vanselow, R., Hummelsh{\o}j, P., Jensen, N.O., Kappen, L., Stomatal acclimation influences water and carbon fluxes of a beech canopy in northern Germany (2001) Basic Appl. Ecol., 2, pp. 265-281; Lasslop, G., Reichstein, M., Papale, D., Richardson, A.D., Arneth, A., Barr, A.G., Stoy, P.C., Wohlfahrt, G., Separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach: critical issues and global evaluation (2010) Glob. Chang. Biol., 16, pp. 187-208; Levine, N.M., Zhang, K., Longo, M., Baccini, A., Phillips, O.L., Lewis, S.L., Alvarez-D{\'a}vila, E., Moorcroft, P.R., Ecosystem heterogeneity determines the ecological resilience of the Amazon to climate change (2016) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 113, pp. 793-797; Lewis, S.L., Brando, P.M., Phillips, O.L., van der Heijden, G.M.F., Nepstad, D., The 2010 amazon drought (2011) Science, 331 (80), p. 554; Loescher, H.W., Oberbauer, S.F., Gholz, H.L., Clark, D.B., Environmental controls on net ecosystem-level carbon exchange and productivity in a Central American tropical wet forest (2003) Glob. Chang. Biol., 9, p. 396; Lopes, A.P., Nelson, B.W., Wu, J., Gra{\c{c}}a, P.M.L., de, A., Tavares, J.V., Prohaska, N., Saleska, S.R., Leaf flush drives dry season green-up of the Central Amazon (2016) Remote Sens. Environ., 182, pp. 90-98; Malhi, Y., Nobre, A.D., Grace, J., Kruijt, B., Pereira, M.G.P., Culf, A., Scott, S., Carbon dioxide transfer over a Central Amazonian rain forest (1998) J. Geophys. Res., 103, pp. 31593-31612; Marchin, R.M., Broadhead, A.A., Bostic, L.E., Dunn, R.R., Hoffmann, W.A., Stomatal acclimation to vapour pressure deficit doubles transpiration of small tree seedlings with warming (2016) Plant Cell Environ., 39, pp. 2221-2234; Martens, C.S., Shay, T.J., Mendlovitz, H.P., Matross, D.M., Saleska, S.R., Wofsy, S.C., Stephen Woodward, W., Crill, P.M., Radon fluxes in tropical forest ecosystems of Brazilian Amazonia: night-time CO2 net ecosystem exchange derived from radon and eddy covariance methods (2004) Glob. Chang. Biol., 10, pp. 618-629; Martinez-Vilalta, J., Poyatos, R., Aguade, D., Retana, J., Mencuccini, M., A new look at water transport regulation in plants (2014) New Phytol., 204, pp. 105-115; Matheny, A.M., Mirfenderesgi, G., Bohrer, G., Trait-based representation of hydrological functional properties of plants in weather and ecosystem models (2017) Plant Divers., 39, pp. 1-12; Meir, P., Grace, J., Miranda, A.C., Leaf respiration in two tropical rainforests: constraints on physiology by phosphorus, nitrogen and temperature (2001) Funct. Ecol., 15, pp. 378-387; Miller, S.D., Goulden, M.L., Menton, M.C., da Rocha, H.R., de Freitas, H.C., Silva, E., Figueira, A.M., de Sousa, C.A.D., Biometric and micrometeorological measurements of tropical forest carbon balance (2004) Ecol. Appl., 14, pp. 114-126; Mitchard, E.T.A., The tropical forest carbon cycle and climate change (2018) Nature, 559, pp. 527-534; Navarro, M.N.V., Jourdan, C., Sileye, T., Braconnier, S., Mialet-Serra, I., Saint-Andre, L., Dauzat, J., Roupsard, O., Fruit development, not GPP, drives seasonal variation in NPP in a tropical palm plantation (2008) Tree Physiol., 28, pp. 1661-1674; Nepstad, D.C., Moutinho, P., Dias-Filho, M.B., Davidson, E., Cardinot, G., Markewitz, D., Figueiredo, R., Schwalbe, K., The effects of partial throughfall exclusion on canopy processes, aboveground production, and biogeochemistry of an Amazon forest (2002) J. Geophys. Res., 107. , 8085; Norby, R.J., De Kauwe, M.G., Domingues, T.F., Duursma, R.A., Ellsworth, D.S., Goll, D.S., Lapola, D.M., Zaehle, S., Model -- data synthesis for the next generation of forest free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments (2015) New Phytol., pp. 17-28; Novick, K., Oren, R., Stoy, P.C., Juang, J.Y., Siqueira, M., Katul, G., The relationship between reference canopy conductance and simplified hydraulic architecture (2009) Adv. Water Resour., 32, pp. 809-819; Novick, K.A., Ficklin, D.L., Stoy, P.C., Williams, C.A., Bohrer, G., Oishi, A.C., Papuga, S.A., Phillips, R.P., The increasing importance of atmospheric demand for ecosystem water and carbon fluxes (2016) Nat. Clim. Change, 6, pp. 1023-1027; Oberbauer, S.F., Loescher, H.W., Clark, D.B., Effects of climate factors on daytime carbon exchange from an old growth forest in Costa rica (2000) Selbyana, pp. 66-73; Oren, R., Sperry, J.S., Katul, G.G., Pataki, D.E., Ewers, B.E., Phillips, N., Sch{\"a}fer, K.V.R., Survey and synthesis of intra- and interspecific variation in stomatal sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit (1999) Plant Cell Environ., 22, pp. 1515-1526; Pan, Y., Birdsey, R.A., Fang, J., Houghton, R., Kauppi, P.E., Kurz, W.A., Phillips, O.L., Hayes, D., A large and persistent carbon sink in the world{\textquoteright}s forests (2011) Science, 333 (80). , 988 LP-993; Paoli, G.D., Curran, L.M., Slik, J.W.F., Soil nutrients affect spatial patterns of aboveground biomass and emergent tree density in southwestern Borneo (2008) Oecologia, 155, pp. 287-299; Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Aubinet, M., Canfora, E., Bernhofer, C., Kutsch, W., Longdoz, B., Yakir, D., Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation (2006) Biogeosciences, 3, pp. 571-583; Pau, S., Detto, M., Kim, Y., Still, C.J., Tropical forest temperature thresholds for gross primary productivity (2018) Ecosphere, 9; Pavlick, R., Drewry, D.T., Bohn, K., Reu, B., Kleidon, A., The Jena Diversity-Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (JeDi-DGVM): a diverse approach to representing terrestrial biogeography and biogeochemistry based on plant functional trade-offs (2013) Biogeosciences, 10, pp. 4137-4177; Phillips, O.L., Malhi, Y., Higuchi, N., Laurance, W.F., N{\'u}{\~n}ez, P.V., V{\'a}squez, R.M., Laurance, S.G., Grace, J., Changes in the carbon balance of tropical forests: Evidence from long-term plots (1998) Science, 282 (80). , 439 LP-442; Phillips, O.L., Arag{\~a}o, L.E.O.C., Lewis, S.L., Fisher, J.B., Lloyd, J., L{\'o}pez-Gonz{\'a}lez, G., Malhi, Y., Torres-Lezama, A., Drought sensitivity of the Amazon Rainforest (2009) Science, 323 (80), pp. 1344-1347; Powell, T.L., Wheeler, J.K., de Oliveira, A.A.R., da Costa, A.C.L., Saleska, S.R., Meir, P., Moorcroft, P.R., Differences in xylem and leaf hydraulic traits explain differences in drought tolerance among mature Amazon rainforest trees (2017) Glob. Change Biol.; Raich, J.W., Russell, A.E., Vitousek, P.M., Primary productivity and ecosystem development along an elevational gradient on Mauna Loa, Hawai{\textquoteright}i (1997) Ecology, 78, pp. 707-721; Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Valentini, R., On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm (2005) Glob. Change Biol., 11, pp. 1424-1439; Restrepo-Coupe, N., da Rocha, H.R., Hutyra, L.R., da Araujo, A.C., Borma, L.S., Christoffersen, B., Cabral, O.M.R., Saleska, S.R., What drives the seasonality of photosynthesis across the Amazon basin? A cross-site analysis of eddy flux tower measurements from the Brasil flux network (2013) Agric. For. Meteorol.; Rice, W.R., Analyzing tables of statistical tests (1989) Evolution (N. Y.), 43, pp. 223-225; Richardson, A.D., Braswell, B.H., Hollinger, D.Y., Jenkins, J.P., Ollinger, S.V., Near-surface remote sensing of spatial and temporal variation in canopy phenology (2009) Ecol. Appl., 19, pp. 1417-1428; Roderick, M.L., Farquhar, G.D., The cause of decreased Pan evaporation over the past 50 years (2002) Science, 298 (80), pp. 1410-1411; Roupsard, O., Bonnefond, J.-M., Irvine, M., Berbigier, P., Nouvellon, Y., Dauzat, J., Taga, S., Bouillet, J.-P., Partitioning energy and evapo-transpiration above and below a tropical palm canopy (2006) Agric. For. Meteorol., 139, pp. 252-268; Saleska, S.R., Miller, S.D., Matross, D.M., Goulden, M., Wofsy, S., da Rocha, H.R., de Camargo, P.B., Silva, H., Carbon in Amazon forests: unexpected seasonal fluxes and disturbance-induced losses (2003) Science, 302 (80), pp. 1554-1557; Saleska, S.R., Didan, K., Huete, A.R., Da Rocha, H.R., Amazon forests green-up during 2005 drought (2007) Science, 318 (80), p. 612; Saleska, S., Da Rocha, H., Kruijt, B., Nobre, A., Ecosystem carbon fluxes and Amazonian forest metabolism (2009) Amazonia Glob. Change, pp. 389-407; Saleska, S.R., Wu, J., Guan, K., Araujo, A.C., Huete, A., Nobre, A.D., Restrepo-Coupe, N., Dry-season greening of Amazon forests (2016) Nature, 531, pp. E4-E5; Salinas, N., Malhi, Y., Meir, P., Silman, M., Roman Cuesta, R., Huaman, J., Salinas, D., Farfan, F., The sensitivity of tropical leaf litter decomposition to temperature: results from a large-scale leaf translocation experiment along an elevation gradient in Peruvian forests (2011) New Phytol., 189, pp. 967-977; Santana, R.A., Dias-J{\'u}nior, C.Q., da Silva, J.T., Fuentes, J.D., do Vale, R.S., Alves, E.G., dos Santos, R.M.N., Manzi, A.O., Air turbulence characteristics at multiple sites in and above the Amazon rainforest canopy (2018) Agric. For. Meteorol., 260-261, pp. 41-54; Santos, D.M., Acevedo, O.C., Chamecki, M., Fuentes, J.D., Gerken, T., Stoy, P.C., Temporal scales of the nocturnal flow within and above a forest canopy in Amazonia (2016) Boundary-Layer Meteorol., pp. 1-26; Siddiq, Z., Chen, Y.-J., Zhang, Y.-J., Zhang, J.-L., Cao, K.-F., More sensitive response of crown conductance to VPD and larger water consumption in tropical evergreen than in deciduous broadleaf timber trees (2017) Agric. For. Meteorol., 247, pp. 399-407; Sulman, B.N., Roman, D.T., Yi, K., Wang, L., Phillips, R.P., Novick, K.A., High atmospheric demand for water can limit forest carbon uptake and transpiration as severely as dry soil (2016) Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, pp. 9686-9695; Swann, A.L.S., Hoffman, F.M., Koven, C.D., Randerson, J.T., Plant responses to increasing CO2 reduce estimates of climate impacts on drought severity (2016) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 113, pp. 10019-10024; Taylor, K.E., Stouffer, R.J., Meehl, G.A., An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design (2012) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.; Taylor, P.G., Cleveland, C.C., Wieder, W.R., Sullivan, B.W., Doughty, C.E., Dobrowski, S.Z., Townsend, A.R., Temperature and rainfall interact to control carbon cycling in tropical forests (2017) Ecol. Lett., 20, pp. 779-788; Thomas, C.K., Martin, J.G., Law, B.E., Davis, K., Toward biologically meaningful net carbon exchange estimates for tall, dense canopies: multi-level eddy covariance observations and canopy coupling regimes in a mature Douglas-fir forest in Oregon (2013) Agric. For. Meteorol., 173, pp. 14-27; T{\'o}ta, J., Fitzjarrald, D.R., da Silva Dias, M.A.F., Amazon rainforest exchange of carbon and subcanopy air flow: manaus LBA Site---a complex terrain condition (2012) Transfus. Apher. Sci., , 165067; Tyukavina, A., Baccini, A., Hansen, M.C., Potapov, P.V., Stehman, S.V., Houghton, R.A., Krylov, A.M., Goetz, S.J., Aboveground carbon loss in natural and managed tropical forests from 2000 to 2012 (2015) Environ. Res. Lett., 10, p. 74002; van Marle, M.J.E., Field, R.D., van der Werf, G.R., Estrada de Wagt, I.A., Houghton, R.A., Rizzo, L.V., Artaxo, P., Tsigaridis, K., Fire and deforestation dynamics in Amazonia (1973-2014) (2017) Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 31, pp. 24-38; Wieder, W.R., Cleveland, C.C., Townsend, A.R., Controls over leaf litter decomposition in wet tropical forests (2009) Ecology, 90, pp. 3333-3341; Wolf, S., Eugster, W., Majorek, S., Buchmann, N., Afforestation of tropical pasture only marginally affects ecosystem-scale evapotranspiration (2011) Ecosystems, 14, pp. 1264-1275; Wolf, S., Eugster, W., Potvin, C., Buchmann, N., Strong seasonal variations in net ecosystem CO2 exchange of a tropical pasture and afforestation in Panama (2011) Agric. For. Meteorol., 151, pp. 1139-1151; Wolf, S., Eugster, W., Potvin, C., Turner, B.L., Buchmann, N., Carbon sequestration potential of tropical pasture compared with afforestation in Panama (2011) Glob. Change Biol., 17, pp. 2763-2780; Wood, A.W., Leung, L.R., Sridhar, V., Lettenmaier, D.P., Hydrologic implications of dynamical and statistical approaches to downscaling climate model outputs (2004) Clim. Change, 62, pp. 189-216; Wu, J., Guan, K., Hayek, M., Restrepo-Coupe, N., Wiedemann, K.T., Xu, X., Wehr, R., Saleska, S.R., Partitioning controls on Amazon forest photosynthesis between environmental and biotic factors at hourly to interannual timescales (2017) Glob. Change Biol., 23, pp. 1240-1257; Xiao, J., Liu, S., Stoy, P.C., Preface: impacts of extreme climate events and disturbances on carbon dynamics (2016) Biogeosciences, 13, pp. 3665-3675",
optnote="exported from refbase (http://php.ecofog.gf/refbase/show.php?record=831), last updated on Mon, 12 Nov 2018 10:09:35 -0300",
issn="01681923 (Issn)",
doi="10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.09.001",
opturl="https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85053139172&doi=10.1016\%2fj.agrformet.2018.09.001&partnerID=40&md5=5e22651285a61919e348f2d4828258b3"
}